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=head1 NAME
Encode::Supported -- Encodings supported by Encode
=head1 DESCRIPTION
=head2 Encoding Names
Encoding names are case insensitive. White space in names
is ignored. In addition, an encoding may have aliases.
Each encoding has one "canonical" name. The "canonical"
name is chosen from the names of the encoding by picking
the first in the following sequence (with a few exceptions).
=over 2
=item *
The name used by the Perl community. That includes 'utf8' and 'ascii'.
Unlike aliases, canonical names directly reach the method so such
frequently used words like 'utf8' don't need to do alias lookups.
=item *
The MIME name as defined in IETF RFCs. This includes all "iso-"s.
=item *
The name in the IANA registry.
=item *
The name used by the organization that defined it.
=back
In case I<de jure> canonical names differ from that of the Encode
module, they are always aliased if it ever be implemented. So you can
safely tell if a given encoding is implemented or not just by passing
the canonical name.
Because of all the alias issues, and because in the general case
encodings have state, "Encode" uses an encoding object internally
once an operation is in progress.
=head1 Supported Encodings
As of Perl 5.8.0, at least the following encodings are recognized.
Note that unless otherwise specified, they are all case insensitive
(via alias) and all occurrence of spaces are replaced with '-'.
In other words, "ISO 8859 1" and "iso-8859-1" are identical.
Encodings are categorized and implemented in several different modules
but you don't have to C<use Encode::XX> to make them available for
most cases. Encode.pm will automatically load those modules on demand.
=head2 Built-in Encodings
The following encodings are always available.
Canonical Aliases Comments & References
----------------------------------------------------------------
ascii US-ascii ISO-646-US [ECMA]
ascii-ctrl Special Encoding
iso-8859-1 latin1 [ISO]
null Special Encoding
utf8 UTF-8 [RFC2279]
----------------------------------------------------------------
I<null> and I<ascii-ctrl> are special. "null" fails for all character
so when you set fallback mode to PERLQQ, HTMLCREF or XMLCREF, ALL
CHARACTERS will fall back to character references. Ditto for
"ascii-ctrl" except for control characters. For fallback modes, see
L<Encode>.
=head2 Encode::Unicode -- other Unicode encodings
Unicode coding schemes other than native utf8 are supported by
Encode::Unicode, which will be autoloaded on demand.
----------------------------------------------------------------
UCS-2BE UCS-2, iso-10646-1 [IANA, UC]
UCS-2LE [UC]
UTF-16 [UC]
UTF-16BE [UC]
UTF-16LE [UC]
UTF-32 [UC]
UTF-32BE UCS-4 [UC]
UTF-32LE [UC]
UTF-7 [RFC2152]
----------------------------------------------------------------
To find how (UCS-2|UTF-(16|32))(LE|BE)? differ from one another,
see L<Encode::Unicode>.
UTF-7 is a special encoding which "re-encodes" UTF-16BE into a 7-bit
encoding. It is implemented separately by Encode::Unicode::UTF7.
=head2 Encode::Byte -- Extended ASCII
Encode::Byte implements most single-byte encodings except for
Symbols and EBCDIC. The following encodings are based on single-byte
encodings implemented as extended ASCII. Most of them map
\x80-\xff (upper half) to non-ASCII characters.
=over 2
=item ISO-8859 and corresponding vendor mappings
Since there are so many, they are presented in table format with
languages and corresponding encoding names by vendors. Note that
the table is sorted in order of ISO-8859 and the corresponding vendor
mappings are slightly different from that of ISO. See
L<http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html> for details.
Lang/Regions ISO/Other Std. DOS Windows Macintosh Others
----------------------------------------------------------------
N. America (ASCII) cp437 AdobeStandardEncoding
cp863 (DOSCanadaF)
W. Europe iso-8859-1 cp850 cp1252 MacRoman nextstep
hp-roman8
cp860 (DOSPortuguese)
Cntrl. Europe iso-8859-2 cp852 cp1250 MacCentralEurRoman
MacCroatian
MacRomanian
MacRumanian
Latin3[1] iso-8859-3
Latin4[2] iso-8859-4
Cyrillics iso-8859-5 cp855 cp1251 MacCyrillic
(See also next section) cp866 MacUkrainian
Arabic iso-8859-6 cp864 cp1256 MacArabic
cp1006 MacFarsi
Greek iso-8859-7 cp737 cp1253 MacGreek
cp869 (DOSGreek2)
Hebrew iso-8859-8 cp862 cp1255 MacHebrew
Turkish iso-8859-9 cp857 cp1254 MacTurkish
Nordics iso-8859-10 cp865
cp861 MacIcelandic
MacSami
Thai iso-8859-11[3] cp874 MacThai
(iso-8859-12 is nonexistent. Reserved for Indics?)
Baltics iso-8859-13 cp775 cp1257
Celtics iso-8859-14
Latin9 [4] iso-8859-15
Latin10 iso-8859-16
Vietnamese viscii cp1258 MacVietnamese
----------------------------------------------------------------
[1] Esperanto, Maltese, and Turkish. Turkish is now on 8859-9.
[2] Baltics. Now on 8859-10, except for Latvian.
[3] TIS 620 + Non-Breaking Space (0xA0 / U+00A0)
[4] Nicknamed Latin0; the Euro sign as well as French and Finnish
letters that are missing from 8859-1 were added.
All cp* are also available as ibm-*, ms-*, and windows-* . See also
L<http://czyborra.com/charsets/codepages.html>.
Macintosh encodings don't seem to be registered in such entities as
IANA. "Canonical" names in Encode are based upon Apple's Tech Note
1150. See L<http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1150.html>
for details.
=item KOI8 - De Facto Standard for the Cyrillic world
Though ISO-8859 does have ISO-8859-5, the KOI8 series is far more
popular in the Net. L<Encode> comes with the following KOI charsets.
For gory details, see L<http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html>
----------------------------------------------------------------
koi8-f
koi8-r cp878 [RFC1489]
koi8-u [RFC2319]
----------------------------------------------------------------
=back
=head2 gsm0338 - Hentai Latin 1
GSM0338 is for GSM handsets. Though it shares alphanumerals with
ASCII, control character ranges and other parts are mapped very
differently, mainly to store Greek characters. There are also escape
sequences (starting with 0x1B) to cover e.g. the Euro sign.
This was once handled by L<Encode::Bytes> but because of all those
unusual specifications, Encode 2.20 has relocated the support to
L<Encode::GSM0338>. See L<Encode::GSM0338> for details.
=over 2
=item gsm0338 support before 2.19
Some special cases like a trailing 0x00 byte or a lone 0x1B byte are not
well-defined and decode() will return an empty string for them.
One possible workaround is
$gsm =~ s/\x00\z/\x00\x00/;
$uni = decode("gsm0338", $gsm);
$uni .= "\xA0" if $gsm =~ /\x1B\z/;
Note that the Encode implementation of GSM0338 does not implement the
reuse of Latin capital letters as Greek capital letters (for example,
the 0x5A is U+005A (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z), not U+0396 (GREEK CAPITAL
LETTER ZETA).
The GSM0338 is also covered in Encode::Byte even though it is not
an "extended ASCII" encoding.
=back
=head2 CJK: Chinese, Japanese, Korean (Multibyte)
Note that Vietnamese is listed above. Also read "Encoding vs Charset"
below. Also note that these are implemented in distinct modules by
countries, due to the size concerns (simplified Chinese is mapped
to 'CN', continental China, while traditional Chinese is mapped to
'TW', Taiwan). Please refer to their respective documentation pages.
=over 2
=item Encode::CN -- Continental China
Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------
euc-cn [1] MacChineseSimp
(gbk) cp936 [2]
gb12345-raw { GB12345 without CES }
gb2312-raw { GB2312 without CES }
hz
iso-ir-165
----------------------------------------------------------------
[1] GB2312 is aliased to this. See L<Microsoft-related naming mess>
[2] gbk is aliased to this. See L<Microsoft-related naming mess>
=item Encode::JP -- Japan
Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------
euc-jp
shiftjis cp932 macJapanese
7bit-jis
iso-2022-jp [RFC1468]
iso-2022-jp-1 [RFC2237]
jis0201-raw { JIS X 0201 (roman + halfwidth kana) without CES }
jis0208-raw { JIS X 0208 (Kanji + fullwidth kana) without CES }
jis0212-raw { JIS X 0212 (Extended Kanji) without CES }
----------------------------------------------------------------
=item Encode::KR -- Korea
Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------
euc-kr MacKorean [RFC1557]
cp949 [1]
iso-2022-kr [RFC1557]
johab [KS X 1001:1998, Annex 3]
ksc5601-raw { KSC5601 without CES }
----------------------------------------------------------------
[1] ks_c_5601-1987, (x-)?windows-949, and uhc are aliased to this.
See below.
=item Encode::TW -- Taiwan
Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------
big5-eten cp950 MacChineseTrad {big5 aliased to big5-eten}
big5-hkscs
----------------------------------------------------------------
=item Encode::HanExtra -- More Chinese via CPAN
Due to the size concerns, additional Chinese encodings below are
distributed separately on CPAN, under the name Encode::HanExtra.
Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------
big5ext CMEX's Big5e Extension
big5plus CMEX's Big5+ Extension
cccii Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange
euc-tw EUC (Extended Unix Character)
gb18030 GBK with Traditional Characters
----------------------------------------------------------------
=item Encode::JIS2K -- JIS X 0213 encodings via CPAN
Due to size concerns, additional Japanese encodings below are
distributed separately on CPAN, under the name Encode::JIS2K.
Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference
----------------------------------------------------------------
euc-jisx0213
shiftjisx0123
iso-2022-jp-3
jis0213-1-raw
jis0213-2-raw
----------------------------------------------------------------
=back
=head2 Miscellaneous encodings
=over 2
=item Encode::EBCDIC
See L<perlebcdic> for details.
----------------------------------------------------------------
cp37
cp500
cp875
cp1026
cp1047
posix-bc
----------------------------------------------------------------
=item Encode::Symbol
For symbols and dingbats.
----------------------------------------------------------------
symbol
dingbats
MacDingbats
AdobeZdingbat
AdobeSymbol
----------------------------------------------------------------
=item Encode::MIME::Header
Strictly speaking, MIME header encoding documented in RFC 2047 is more
of encapsulation than encoding. However, their support in modern
world is imperative so they are supported.
----------------------------------------------------------------
MIME-Header [RFC2047]
MIME-B [RFC2047]
MIME-Q [RFC2047]
----------------------------------------------------------------
=item Encode::Guess
This one is not a name of encoding but a utility that lets you pick up
the most appropriate encoding for a data out of given I<suspects>. See
L<Encode::Guess> for details.
=back
=head1 Unsupported encodings
The following encodings are not supported as yet; some because they
are rarely used, some because of technical difficulties. They may
be supported by external modules via CPAN in the future, however.
=over 2
=item ISO-2022-JP-2 [RFC1554]
Not very popular yet. Needs Unicode Database or equivalent to
implement encode() (because it includes JIS X 0208/0212, KSC5601, and
GB2312 simultaneously, whose code points in Unicode overlap. So you
need to lookup the database to determine to what character set a given
Unicode character should belong).
=item ISO-2022-CN [RFC1922]
Not very popular. Needs CNS 11643-1 and -2 which are not available in
this module. CNS 11643 is supported (via euc-tw) in Encode::HanExtra.
Audrey Tang may add support for this encoding in her module in future.
=item Various HP-UX encodings
The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data.
'8' - arabic8, greek8, hebrew8, kana8, thai8, and turkish8
'15' - japanese15, korean15, and roi15
=item Cyrillic encoding ISO-IR-111
Anton Tagunov doubts its usefulness.
=item ISO-8859-8-1 [Hebrew]
None of the Encode team knows Hebrew enough (ISO-8859-8, cp1255 and
MacHebrew are supported because and just because there were mappings
available at L<http://www.unicode.org/>). Contributions welcome.
=item ISIRI 3342, Iran System, ISIRI 2900 [Farsi]
Ditto.
=item Thai encoding TCVN
Ditto.
=item Vietnamese encodings VPS
Though Jungshik Shin has reported that Mozilla supports this encoding,
it was too late before 5.8.0 for us to add it. In the future, it
may be available via a separate module. See
L<http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.uf>
and
L<http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.ut>
if you are interested in helping us.
=item Various Mac encodings
The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data.
MacArmenian, MacBengali, MacBurmese, MacEthiopic
MacExtArabic, MacGeorgian, MacKannada, MacKhmer
MacLaotian, MacMalayalam, MacMongolian, MacOriya
MacSinhalese, MacTamil, MacTelugu, MacTibetan
MacVietnamese
The rest which are already available are based upon the vendor mappings
at L<http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/> .
=item (Mac) Indic encodings
The maps for the following are available at L<http://www.unicode.org/>
but remain unsupported because those encodings need an algorithmical
approach, currently unsupported by F<enc2xs>:
MacDevanagari
MacGurmukhi
MacGujarati
For details, please see C<Unicode mapping issues and notes:> at
L<http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/DEVANAGA.TXT> .
I believe this issue is prevalent not only for Mac Indics but also in
other Indic encodings, but the above were the only Indic encodings
maps that I could find at L<http://www.unicode.org/> .
=back
=head1 Encoding vs. Charset -- terminology
We are used to using the term (character) I<encoding> and I<character
set> interchangeably. But just as confusing the terms byte and
character is dangerous and the terms should be differentiated when
needed, we need to differentiate I<encoding> and I<character set>.
To understand that, here is a description of how we make computers
grok our characters.
=over 2
=item *
First we start with which characters to include. We call this
collection of characters I<character repertoire>.
=item *
Then we have to give each character a unique ID so your computer can
tell the difference between 'a' and 'A'. This itemized character
repertoire is now a I<character set>.
=item *
If your computer can grow the character set without further
processing, you can go ahead and use it. This is called a I<coded
character set> (CCS) or I<raw character encoding>. ASCII is used this
way for most cases.
=item *
But in many cases, especially multi-byte CJK encodings, you have to
tweak a little more. Your network connection may not accept any data
with the Most Significant Bit set, and your computer may not be able to
tell if a given byte is a whole character or just half of it. So you
have to I<encode> the character set to use it.
A I<character encoding scheme> (CES) determines how to encode a given
character set, or a set of multiple character sets. 7bit ISO-2022 is
an example of a CES. You switch between character sets via I<escape
sequences>.
=back
Technically, or mathematically, speaking, a character set encoded in
such a CES that maps character by character may form a CCS. EUC is such
an example. The CES of EUC is as follows:
=over 2
=item *
Map ASCII unchanged.
=item *
Map such a character set that consists of 94 or 96 powered by N
members by adding 0x80 to each byte.
=item *
You can also use 0x8e and 0x8f to indicate that the following sequence of
characters belongs to yet another character set. To each following byte
is added the value 0x80.
=back
By carefully looking at the encoded byte sequence, you can find that the
byte sequence conforms a unique number. In that sense, EUC is a CCS
generated by a CES above from up to four CCS (complicated?). UTF-8
falls into this category. See L<perlUnicode/"UTF-8"> to find out how
UTF-8 maps Unicode to a byte sequence.
You may also have found out by now why 7bit ISO-2022 cannot comprise
a CCS. If you look at a byte sequence \x21\x21, you can't tell if
it is two !'s or IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE. EUC maps the latter to \xA1\xA1
so you have no trouble differentiating between "!!". and S<" ">.
=head1 Encoding Classification (by Anton Tagunov and Dan Kogai)
This section tries to classify the supported encodings by their
applicability for information exchange over the Internet and to
choose the most suitable aliases to name them in the context of
such communication.
=over 2
=item *
To (en|de)code encodings marked by C<(**)>, you need
C<Encode::HanExtra>, available from CPAN.
=back
Encoding names
US-ASCII UTF-8 ISO-8859-* KOI8-R
Shift_JIS EUC-JP ISO-2022-JP ISO-2022-JP-1
EUC-KR Big5 GB2312
are registered with IANA as preferred MIME names and may
be used over the Internet.
C<Shift_JIS> has been officialized by JIS X 0208:1997.
L<Microsoft-related naming mess> gives details.
C<GB2312> is the IANA name for C<EUC-CN>.
See L<Microsoft-related naming mess> for details.
C<GB_2312-80> I<raw> encoding is available as C<gb2312-raw>
with Encode. See L<Encode::CN> for details.
EUC-CN
KOI8-U [RFC2319]
have not been registered with IANA (as of March 2002) but
seem to be supported by major web browsers.
The IANA name for C<EUC-CN> is C<GB2312>.
KS_C_5601-1987
is heavily misused.
See L<Microsoft-related naming mess> for details.
C<KS_C_5601-1987> I<raw> encoding is available as C<kcs5601-raw>
with Encode. See L<Encode::KR> for details.
UTF-16 UTF-16BE UTF-16LE
are IANA-registered C<charset>s. See [RFC 2781] for details.
Jungshik Shin reports that UTF-16 with a BOM is well accepted
by MS IE 5/6 and NS 4/6. Beware however that
=over 2
=item *
C<UTF-16> support in any software you're going to be
using/interoperating with has probably been less tested
then C<UTF-8> support
=item *
C<UTF-8> coded data seamlessly passes traditional
command piping (C<cat>, C<more>, etc.) while C<UTF-16> coded
data is likely to cause confusion (with its zero bytes,
for example)
=item *
it is beyond the power of words to describe the way HTML browsers
encode non-C<ASCII> form data. To get a general impression, visit
L<http://www.alanflavell.org.uk/charset/form-i18n.html>.
While encoding of form data has stabilized for C<UTF-8> encoded pages
(at least IE 5/6, NS 6, and Opera 6 behave consistently), be sure to
expect fun (and cross-browser discrepancies) with C<UTF-16> encoded
pages!
=back
The rule of thumb is to use C<UTF-8> unless you know what
you're doing and unless you really benefit from using C<UTF-16>.
ISO-IR-165 [RFC1345]
VISCII
GB 12345
GB 18030 (**) (see links below)
EUC-TW (**)
are totally valid encodings but not registered at IANA.
The names under which they are listed here are probably the
most widely-known names for these encodings and are recommended
names.
BIG5PLUS (**)
is a proprietary name.
=head2 Microsoft-related naming mess
Microsoft products misuse the following names:
=over 2
=item KS_C_5601-1987
Microsoft extension to C<EUC-KR>.
Proper names: C<CP949>, C<UHC>, C<x-windows-949> (as used by Mozilla).
See L<http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-charsets/2001AprJun/0033.html>
for details.
Encode aliases C<KS_C_5601-1987> to C<cp949> to reflect this common
misusage. I<Raw> C<KS_C_5601-1987> encoding is available as
C<kcs5601-raw>.
See L<Encode::KR> for details.
=item GB2312
Microsoft extension to C<EUC-CN>.
Proper names: C<CP936>, C<GBK>.
C<GB2312> has been registered in the C<EUC-CN> meaning at
IANA. This has partially repaired the situation: Microsoft's
C<GB2312> has become a superset of the official C<GB2312>.
Encode aliases C<GB2312> to C<euc-cn> in full agreement with
IANA registration. C<cp936> is supported separately.
I<Raw> C<GB_2312-80> encoding is available as C<gb2312-raw>.
See L<Encode::CN> for details.
=item Big5
Microsoft extension to C<Big5>.
Proper name: C<CP950>.
Encode separately supports C<Big5> and C<cp950>.
=item Shift_JIS
Microsoft's understanding of C<Shift_JIS>.
JIS has not endorsed the full Microsoft standard however.
The official C<Shift_JIS> includes only JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208
character sets, while Microsoft has always used C<Shift_JIS>
to encode a wider character repertoire. See C<IANA> registration for
C<Windows-31J>.
As a historical predecessor, Microsoft's variant
probably has more rights for the name, though it may be objected
that Microsoft shouldn't have used JIS as part of the name
in the first place.
Unambiguous name: C<CP932>. C<IANA> name (also used by Mozilla, and
provided as an alias by Encode): C<Windows-31J>.
Encode separately supports C<Shift_JIS> and C<cp932>.
=back
=head1 Glossary
=over 2
=item character repertoire
A collection of unique characters. A I<character> set in the strictest
sense. At this stage, characters are not numbered.
=item coded character set (CCS)
A character set that is mapped in a way computers can use directly.
Many character encodings, including EUC, fall in this category.
=item character encoding scheme (CES)
An algorithm to map a character set to a byte sequence. You don't
have to be able to tell which character set a given byte sequence
belongs. 7-bit ISO-2022 is a CES but it cannot be a CCS. EUC is an
example of being both a CCS and CES.
=item charset (in MIME context)
has long been used in the meaning of C<encoding>, CES.
While the word combination C<character set> has lost this meaning
in MIME context since [RFC 2130], the C<charset> abbreviation has
retained it. This is how [RFC 2277] and [RFC 2278] bless C<charset>:
This document uses the term "charset" to mean a set of rules for
mapping from a sequence of octets to a sequence of characters, such
as the combination of a coded character set and a character encoding
scheme; this is also what is used as an identifier in MIME "charset="
parameters, and registered in the IANA charset registry ... (Note
that this is NOT a term used by other standards bodies, such as ISO).
[RFC 2277]
=item EUC
Extended Unix Character. See ISO-2022.
=item ISO-2022
A CES that was carefully designed to coexist with ASCII. There are a 7
bit version and an 8 bit version.
The 7 bit version switches character set via escape sequence so it
cannot form a CCS. Since this is more difficult to handle in programs
than the 8 bit version, the 7 bit version is not very popular except for
iso-2022-jp, the I<de facto> standard CES for e-mails.
The 8 bit version can form a CCS. EUC and ISO-8859 are two examples
thereof. Pre-5.6 perl could use them as string literals.
=item UCS
Short for I<Universal Character Set>. When you say just UCS, it means
I<Unicode>.
=item UCS-2
ISO/IEC 10646 encoding form: Universal Character Set coded in two
octets.
=item Unicode
A character set that aims to include all character repertoires of the
world. Many character sets in various national as well as industrial
standards have become, in a way, just subsets of Unicode.
=item UTF
Short for I<Unicode Transformation Format>. Determines how to map a
Unicode character into a byte sequence.
=item UTF-16
A UTF in 16-bit encoding. Can either be in big endian or little
endian. The big endian version is called UTF-16BE (equal to UCS-2 +
surrogate support) and the little endian version is called UTF-16LE.
=back
=head1 See Also
L<Encode>,
L<Encode::Byte>,
L<Encode::CN>, L<Encode::JP>, L<Encode::KR>, L<Encode::TW>,
L<Encode::EBCDIC>, L<Encode::Symbol>
L<Encode::MIME::Header>, L<Encode::Guess>
=head1 References
=over 2
=item ECMA
European Computer Manufacturers Association
L<http://www.ecma.ch>
=over 2
=item ECMA-035 (eq C<ISO-2022>)
L<http://www.ecma.ch/ecma1/STAND/ECMA-035.HTM>
The specification of ISO-2022 is available from the link above.
=back
=item IANA
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
L<http://www.iana.org/>
=over 2
=item Assigned Charset Names by IANA
L<http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets>
Most of the C<canonical names> in Encode derive from this list
so you can directly apply the string you have extracted from MIME
header of mails and web pages.
=back
=item ISO
International Organization for Standardization
L<http://www.iso.ch/>
=item RFC
Request For Comments -- need I say more?
L<http://www.rfc-editor.org/>, L<http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html>,
L<http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/>
=item UC
Unicode Consortium
L<http://www.unicode.org/>
=over 2
=item Unicode Glossary
L<http://www.unicode.org/glossary/>
The glossary of this document is based upon this site.
=back
=back
=head2 Other Notable Sites
=over 2
=item czyborra.com
L<http://czyborra.com/>
Contains a lot of useful information, especially gory details of ISO
vs. vendor mappings.
=item CJK.inf
L<http://examples.oreilly.com/cjkvinfo/doc/cjk.inf>
Somewhat obsolete (last update in 1996), but still useful. Also try
L<ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/cjkv/pdf/GB18030_Summary.pdf>
You will find brief info on C<EUC-CN>, C<GBK> and mostly on C<GB 18030>.
=item Jungshik Shin's Hangul FAQ
L<http://jshin.net/faq>
And especially its subject 8.
L<http://jshin.net/faq/qa8.html>
A comprehensive overview of the Korean (C<KS *>) standards.
=item debian.org: "Introduction to i18n"
A brief description for most of the mentioned CJK encodings is
contained in
L<http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/ch-codes.en.html>
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=head2 Offline sources
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=item C<CJKV Information Processing> by Ken Lunde
CJKV Information Processing
1999 O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN : 1-56592-224-7
The modern successor of C<CJK.inf>.
Features a comprehensive coverage of CJKV character sets and
encodings along with many other issues faced by anyone trying
to better support CJKV languages/scripts in all the areas of
information processing.
To purchase this book, visit
L<http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596514471/>
or your favourite bookstore.
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