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# engine/interfaces.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2021 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""Define core interfaces used by the engine system."""
from .. import util
from ..sql.compiler import Compiled # noqa
from ..sql.compiler import TypeCompiler # noqa
class Dialect(object):
"""Define the behavior of a specific database and DB-API combination.
Any aspect of metadata definition, SQL query generation,
execution, result-set handling, or anything else which varies
between databases is defined under the general category of the
Dialect. The Dialect acts as a factory for other
database-specific object implementations including
ExecutionContext, Compiled, DefaultGenerator, and TypeEngine.
.. note:: Third party dialects should not subclass :class:`.Dialect`
directly. Instead, subclass :class:`.default.DefaultDialect` or
descendant class.
All dialects include the following attributes. There are many other
attributes that may be supported as well:
``name``
identifying name for the dialect from a DBAPI-neutral point of view
(i.e. 'sqlite')
``driver``
identifying name for the dialect's DBAPI
``positional``
True if the paramstyle for this Dialect is positional.
``paramstyle``
the paramstyle to be used (some DB-APIs support multiple
paramstyles).
``encoding``
type of encoding to use for unicode, usually defaults to
'utf-8'.
``statement_compiler``
a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL statements
``ddl_compiler``
a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile DDL statements
``server_version_info``
a tuple containing a version number for the DB backend in use.
This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is
typically populated during the initial connection to the database.
``default_schema_name``
the name of the default schema. This value is only available for
supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the
initial connection to the database.
``execution_ctx_cls``
a :class:`.ExecutionContext` class used to handle statement execution
``execute_sequence_format``
either the 'tuple' or 'list' type, depending on what cursor.execute()
accepts for the second argument (they vary).
``preparer``
a :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer` class used to
quote identifiers.
``supports_alter``
``True`` if the database supports ``ALTER TABLE`` - used only for
generating foreign key constraints in certain circumstances
``max_identifier_length``
The maximum length of identifier names.
``supports_sane_rowcount``
Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements.
``supports_sane_multi_rowcount``
Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements when executed via
executemany.
``preexecute_autoincrement_sequences``
True if 'implicit' primary key functions must be executed separately
in order to get their value. This is currently oriented towards
PostgreSQL.
``implicit_returning``
use RETURNING or equivalent during INSERT execution in order to load
newly generated primary keys and other column defaults in one execution,
which are then available via inserted_primary_key.
If an insert statement has returning() specified explicitly,
the "implicit" functionality is not used and inserted_primary_key
will not be available.
``colspecs``
A dictionary of TypeEngine classes from sqlalchemy.types mapped
to subclasses that are specific to the dialect class. This
dictionary is class-level only and is not accessed from the
dialect instance itself.
``supports_default_values``
Indicates if the construct ``INSERT INTO tablename DEFAULT
VALUES`` is supported
``supports_sequences``
Indicates if the dialect supports CREATE SEQUENCE or similar.
``sequences_optional``
If True, indicates if the "optional" flag on the Sequence() construct
should signal to not generate a CREATE SEQUENCE. Applies only to
dialects that support sequences. Currently used only to allow PostgreSQL
SERIAL to be used on a column that specifies Sequence() for usage on
other backends.
``supports_native_enum``
Indicates if the dialect supports a native ENUM construct.
This will prevent types.Enum from generating a CHECK
constraint when that type is used.
``supports_native_boolean``
Indicates if the dialect supports a native boolean construct.
This will prevent types.Boolean from generating a CHECK
constraint when that type is used.
``dbapi_exception_translation_map``
A dictionary of names that will contain as values the names of
pep-249 exceptions ("IntegrityError", "OperationalError", etc)
keyed to alternate class names, to support the case where a
DBAPI has exception classes that aren't named as they are
referred to (e.g. IntegrityError = MyException). In the vast
majority of cases this dictionary is empty.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.5
"""
_has_events = False
def create_connect_args(self, url):
"""Build DB-API compatible connection arguments.
Given a :class:`.URL` object, returns a tuple
consisting of a ``(*args, **kwargs)`` suitable to send directly
to the dbapi's connect function. The arguments are sent to the
:meth:`.Dialect.connect` method which then runs the DBAPI-level
``connect()`` function.
The method typically makes use of the
:meth:`.URL.translate_connect_args`
method in order to generate a dictionary of options.
The default implementation is::
def create_connect_args(self, url):
opts = url.translate_connect_args()
opts.update(url.query)
return [[], opts]
:param url: a :class:`.URL` object
:return: a tuple of ``(*args, **kwargs)`` which will be passed to the
:meth:`.Dialect.connect` method.
.. seealso::
:meth:`.URL.translate_connect_args`
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
@classmethod
def type_descriptor(cls, typeobj):
"""Transform a generic type to a dialect-specific type.
Dialect classes will usually use the
:func:`_types.adapt_type` function in the types module to
accomplish this.
The returned result is cached *per dialect class* so can
contain no dialect-instance state.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def initialize(self, connection):
"""Called during strategized creation of the dialect with a
connection.
Allows dialects to configure options based on server version info or
other properties.
The connection passed here is a SQLAlchemy Connection object,
with full capabilities.
The initialize() method of the base dialect should be called via
super().
"""
pass
def reflecttable(
self, connection, table, include_columns, exclude_columns, resolve_fks
):
"""Load table description from the database.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` and a
:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` object, reflect its columns and
properties from the database.
The implementation of this method is provided by
:meth:`.DefaultDialect.reflecttable`, which makes use of
:class:`_reflection.Inspector` to retrieve column information.
Dialects should **not** seek to implement this method, and should
instead implement individual schema inspection operations such as
:meth:`.Dialect.get_columns`, :meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint`,
etc.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return information about columns in `table_name`.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
`table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return column
information as a list of dictionaries with these keys:
* ``name`` -
the column's name
* ``type`` -
[sqlalchemy.types#TypeEngine]
* ``nullable`` -
boolean
* ``default`` -
the column's default value
* ``autoincrement`` -
boolean
* ``sequence`` -
a dictionary of the form
{'name' : str, 'start' :int, 'increment': int, 'minvalue': int,
'maxvalue': int, 'nominvalue': bool, 'nomaxvalue': bool,
'cycle': bool, 'cache': int, 'order': bool}
Additional column attributes may be present.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
@util.deprecated(
"0.8",
"The :meth:`.Dialect.get_primary_keys` method is deprecated and "
"will be removed in a future release. Please refer to the "
":meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint` method. ",
)
def get_primary_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return information about primary keys in `table_name`."""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return information about the primary key constraint on
table_name`.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
`table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return primary
key information as a dictionary with these keys:
* ``constrained_columns`` -
a list of column names that make up the primary key
* ``name`` -
optional name of the primary key constraint.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
`table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return foreign
key information as a list of dicts with these keys:
* ``name`` -
the constraint's name
* ``constrained_columns`` -
a list of column names that make up the foreign key
* ``referred_schema`` -
the name of the referred schema
* ``referred_table`` -
the name of the referred table
* ``referred_columns`` -
a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to
constrained_columns
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return a list of table names for `schema`."""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return a list of temporary table names on the given connection,
if supported by the underlying backend.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return a list of all view names available in the database.
:param schema:
Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_temp_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return a list of temporary view names on the given connection,
if supported by the underlying backend.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return view definition.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
`view_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return the view
definition.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""Return information about indexes in `table_name`.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
`table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return index
information as a list of dictionaries with these keys:
* ``name`` -
the index's name
* ``column_names`` -
list of column names in order
* ``unique`` -
boolean
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_unique_constraints(
self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
):
r"""Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.
Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:
* ``name`` -
the unique constraint's name
* ``column_names`` -
list of column names in order
* ``**kw`` -
other options passed to the dialect's get_unique_constraints()
method.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.0
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_check_constraints(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
r"""Return information about check constraints in `table_name`.
Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
check constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:
* ``name`` -
the check constraint's name
* ``sqltext`` -
the check constraint's SQL expression
* ``**kw`` -
other options passed to the dialect's get_check_constraints()
method.
.. versionadded:: 1.1.0
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
r"""Return the "comment" for the table identified by `table_name`.
Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
table comment information as a dictionary with this key:
text
text of the comment
Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for dialects that don't support
comments.
.. versionadded:: 1.2
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def normalize_name(self, name):
"""convert the given name to lowercase if it is detected as
case insensitive.
This method is only used if the dialect defines
requires_name_normalize=True.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def denormalize_name(self, name):
"""convert the given name to a case insensitive identifier
for the backend if it is an all-lowercase name.
This method is only used if the dialect defines
requires_name_normalize=True.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
"""Check the existence of a particular table in the database.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object and a string
`table_name`, return True if the given table (possibly within
the specified `schema`) exists in the database, False
otherwise.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
"""Check the existence of a particular sequence in the database.
Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object and a string
`sequence_name`, return True if the given sequence exists in
the database, False otherwise.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
"""Retrieve the server version info from the given connection.
This is used by the default implementation to populate the
"server_version_info" attribute and is called exactly
once upon first connect.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
"""Return the string name of the currently selected schema from
the given connection.
This is used by the default implementation to populate the
"default_schema_name" attribute and is called exactly
once upon first connect.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection):
"""Provide an implementation of ``connection.begin()``, given a
DB-API connection.
The DBAPI has no dedicated "begin" method and it is expected
that transactions are implicit. This hook is provided for those
DBAPIs that might need additional help in this area.
Note that :meth:`.Dialect.do_begin` is not called unless a
:class:`.Transaction` object is in use. The
:meth:`.Dialect.do_autocommit`
hook is provided for DBAPIs that need some extra commands emitted
after a commit in order to enter the next transaction, when the
SQLAlchemy :class:`_engine.Connection`
is used in its default "autocommit"
mode.
:param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
"""Provide an implementation of ``connection.rollback()``, given
a DB-API connection.
:param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
"""Provide an implementation of ``connection.commit()``, given a
DB-API connection.
:param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
"""Provide an implementation of ``connection.close()``, given a DBAPI
connection.
This hook is called by the :class:`_pool.Pool`
when a connection has been
detached from the pool, or is being returned beyond the normal
capacity of the pool.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def create_xid(self):
"""Create a two-phase transaction ID.
This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(),
do_rollback_twophase(), do_commit_twophase(). Its format is
unspecified.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
"""Create a savepoint with the given name.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
:param name: savepoint name.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, connection, name):
"""Rollback a connection to the named savepoint.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
:param name: savepoint name.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
"""Release the named savepoint on a connection.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
:param name: savepoint name.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
"""Begin a two phase transaction on the given connection.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
:param xid: xid
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
"""Prepare a two phase transaction on the given connection.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
:param xid: xid
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_rollback_twophase(
self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
):
"""Rollback a two phase transaction on the given connection.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
:param xid: xid
:param is_prepared: whether or not
:meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
:param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_commit_twophase(
self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
):
"""Commit a two phase transaction on the given connection.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
:param xid: xid
:param is_prepared: whether or not
:meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
:param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
"""Recover list of uncommitted prepared two phase transaction
identifiers on the given connection.
:param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
"""Provide an implementation of ``cursor.executemany(statement,
parameters)``.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
"""Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement,
parameters)``.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def do_execute_no_params(
self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None
):
"""Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement)``.
The parameter collection should not be sent.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
"""Return True if the given DB-API error indicates an invalid
connection.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
r"""Establish a connection using this dialect's DBAPI.
The default implementation of this method is::
def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
return self.dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
The ``*cargs, **cparams`` parameters are generated directly
from this dialect's :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
This method may be used for dialects that need to perform programmatic
per-connection steps when a new connection is procured from the
DBAPI.
:param \*cargs: positional parameters returned from the
:meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method
:param \*\*cparams: keyword parameters returned from the
:meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
:return: a DBAPI connection, typically from the :pep:`249` module
level ``.connect()`` function.
.. seealso::
:meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args`
:meth:`.Dialect.on_connect`
"""
def on_connect(self):
"""Return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
The callable should accept a single argument "conn" which is the
DBAPI connection itself. The inner callable has no
return value.
E.g.::
class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
# ...
def on_connect(self):
def do_on_connect(connection):
connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")
return do_on_connect
This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.
The "do_on_connect" callable is invoked by using the
:meth:`_events.PoolEvents.first_connect` and
:meth:`_events.PoolEvents.connect` event
hooks, then unwrapping the DBAPI connection and passing it into the
callable. The reason it is invoked for both events is so that any
dialect-level initialization that occurs upon first connection, which
also makes use of the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.first_connect` method,
will
proceed after this hook has been called. This currently means the
hook is in fact called twice for the very first connection in which a
dialect creates; and once per connection afterwards.
If None is returned, no event listener is generated.
:return: a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an
argument, or None.
.. seealso::
:meth:`.Dialect.connect` - allows the DBAPI ``connect()`` sequence
itself to be controlled.
"""
return None
def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
"""Given a DBAPI connection, revert its isolation to the default.
Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
:class:`_engine.Engine`
isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
most typical use cases.
.. seealso::
:meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
- view current level
:attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
- view default level
:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn, level):
"""Given a DBAPI connection, set its isolation level.
Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
:class:`_engine.Engine`
isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
most typical use cases.
.. seealso::
:meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
- view current level
:attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
- view default level
:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
"""Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level.
When working with a :class:`_engine.Connection` object,
the corresponding
DBAPI connection may be procured using the
:attr:`_engine.Connection.connection` accessor.
Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
:class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level facilities;
these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.
.. seealso::
:meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
- view current level
:attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
- view default level
:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_default_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
"""Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level, or
a default isolation level if one cannot be retrieved.
This method may only raise NotImplementedError and
**must not raise any other exception**, as it is used implicitly upon
first connect.
The method **must return a value** for a dialect that supports
isolation level settings, as this level is what will be reverted
towards when a per-connection isolation level change is made.
The method defaults to using the :meth:`.Dialect.get_isolation_level`
method unless overridden by a dialect.
.. versionadded:: 1.3.22
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
@classmethod
def get_dialect_cls(cls, url):
"""Given a URL, return the :class:`.Dialect` that will be used.
This is a hook that allows an external plugin to provide functionality
around an existing dialect, by allowing the plugin to be loaded
from the url based on an entrypoint, and then the plugin returns
the actual dialect to be used.
By default this just returns the cls.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.3
"""
return cls
@classmethod
def load_provisioning(cls):
"""Set up the provision.py module for this dialect.
For dialects that include a provision.py module that sets up
provisioning followers, this method should initiate that process.
A typical implementation would be::
@classmethod
def load_provisioning(cls):
__import__("mydialect.provision")
The default method assumes a module named ``provision.py`` inside
the owning package of the current dialect, based on the ``__module__``
attribute::
@classmethod
def load_provisioning(cls):
package = ".".join(cls.__module__.split(".")[0:-1])
try:
__import__(package + ".provision")
except ImportError:
pass
.. versionadded:: 1.3.14
"""
@classmethod
def engine_created(cls, engine):
"""A convenience hook called before returning the final
:class:`_engine.Engine`.
If the dialect returned a different class from the
:meth:`.get_dialect_cls`
method, then the hook is called on both classes, first on
the dialect class returned by the :meth:`.get_dialect_cls` method and
then on the class on which the method was called.
The hook should be used by dialects and/or wrappers to apply special
events to the engine or its components. In particular, it allows
a dialect-wrapping class to apply dialect-level events.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.3
"""
pass
class CreateEnginePlugin(object):
"""A set of hooks intended to augment the construction of an
:class:`_engine.Engine` object based on entrypoint names in a URL.
The purpose of :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin` is to allow third-party
systems to apply engine, pool and dialect level event listeners without
the need for the target application to be modified; instead, the plugin
names can be added to the database URL. Target applications for
:class:`.CreateEnginePlugin` include:
* connection and SQL performance tools, e.g. which use events to track
number of checkouts and/or time spent with statements
* connectivity plugins such as proxies
Plugins are registered using entry points in a similar way as that
of dialects::
entry_points={
'sqlalchemy.plugins': [
'myplugin = myapp.plugins:MyPlugin'
]
A plugin that uses the above names would be invoked from a database
URL as in::
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?plugin=myplugin")
Alternatively, the :paramref:`.create_engine.plugins" argument may be
passed as a list to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
plugins=["myplugin"])
.. versionadded:: 1.2.3 plugin names can also be specified
to :func:`_sa.create_engine` as a list
The ``plugin`` argument supports multiple instances, so that a URL
may specify multiple plugins; they are loaded in the order stated
in the URL::
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/"
"test?plugin=plugin_one&plugin=plugin_twp&plugin=plugin_three")
A plugin can receive additional arguments from the URL string as
well as from the keyword arguments passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
The :class:`.URL` object and the keyword dictionary are passed to the
constructor so that these arguments can be extracted from the url's
:attr:`.URL.query` collection as well as from the dictionary::
class MyPlugin(CreateEnginePlugin):
def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
self.my_argument_one = url.query.pop('my_argument_one')
self.my_argument_two = url.query.pop('my_argument_two')
self.my_argument_three = kwargs.pop('my_argument_three', None)
Arguments like those illustrated above would be consumed from the
following::
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/"
"test?plugin=myplugin&my_argument_one=foo&my_argument_two=bar",
my_argument_three='bat')
The URL and dictionary are used for subsequent setup of the engine
as they are, so the plugin can modify their arguments in-place.
Arguments that are only understood by the plugin should be popped
or otherwise removed so that they aren't interpreted as erroneous
arguments afterwards.
When the engine creation process completes and produces the
:class:`_engine.Engine` object, it is again passed to the plugin via the
:meth:`.CreateEnginePlugin.engine_created` hook. In this hook, additional
changes can be made to the engine, most typically involving setup of
events (e.g. those defined in :ref:`core_event_toplevel`).
.. versionadded:: 1.1
"""
def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
"""Construct a new :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin`.
The plugin object is instantiated individually for each call
to :func:`_sa.create_engine`. A single :class:`_engine.
Engine` will be
passed to the :meth:`.CreateEnginePlugin.engine_created` method
corresponding to this URL.
:param url: the :class:`.URL` object. The plugin should inspect
what it needs here as well as remove its custom arguments from the
:attr:`.URL.query` collection. The URL can be modified in-place
in any other way as well.
:param kwargs: The keyword arguments passed to :func:`.create_engine`.
The plugin can read and modify this dictionary in-place, to affect
the ultimate arguments used to create the engine. It should
remove its custom arguments from the dictionary as well.
"""
self.url = url
def handle_dialect_kwargs(self, dialect_cls, dialect_args):
"""parse and modify dialect kwargs"""
def handle_pool_kwargs(self, pool_cls, pool_args):
"""parse and modify pool kwargs"""
def engine_created(self, engine):
"""Receive the :class:`_engine.Engine`
object when it is fully constructed.
The plugin may make additional changes to the engine, such as
registering engine or connection pool events.
"""
class ExecutionContext(object):
"""A messenger object for a Dialect that corresponds to a single
execution.
ExecutionContext should have these data members:
connection
Connection object which can be freely used by default value
generators to execute SQL. This Connection should reference the
same underlying connection/transactional resources of
root_connection.
root_connection
Connection object which is the source of this ExecutionContext. This
Connection may have close_with_result=True set, in which case it can
only be used once.
dialect
dialect which created this ExecutionContext.
cursor
DB-API cursor procured from the connection,
compiled
if passed to constructor, sqlalchemy.engine.base.Compiled object
being executed,
statement
string version of the statement to be executed. Is either
passed to the constructor, or must be created from the
sql.Compiled object by the time pre_exec() has completed.
parameters
bind parameters passed to the execute() method. For compiled
statements, this is a dictionary or list of dictionaries. For
textual statements, it should be in a format suitable for the
dialect's paramstyle (i.e. dict or list of dicts for non
positional, list or list of lists/tuples for positional).
isinsert
True if the statement is an INSERT.
isupdate
True if the statement is an UPDATE.
should_autocommit
True if the statement is a "committable" statement.
prefetch_cols
a list of Column objects for which a client-side default
was fired off. Applies to inserts and updates.
postfetch_cols
a list of Column objects for which a server-side default or
inline SQL expression value was fired off. Applies to inserts
and updates.
"""
exception = None
"""A DBAPI-level exception that was caught when this ExecutionContext
attempted to execute a statement.
This attribute is meaningful only within the
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error` event.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.7
.. seealso::
:attr:`.ExecutionContext.is_disconnect`
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error`
"""
is_disconnect = None
"""Boolean flag set to True or False when a DBAPI-level exception
is caught when this ExecutionContext attempted to execute a statement.
This attribute is meaningful only within the
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error` event.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.7
.. seealso::
:attr:`.ExecutionContext.exception`
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error`
"""
def create_cursor(self):
"""Return a new cursor generated from this ExecutionContext's
connection.
Some dialects may wish to change the behavior of
connection.cursor(), such as postgresql which may return a PG
"server side" cursor.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def pre_exec(self):
"""Called before an execution of a compiled statement.
If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
the `statement` and `parameters` datamembers must be
initialized after this statement is complete.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def post_exec(self):
"""Called after the execution of a compiled statement.
If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
the `last_insert_ids`, `last_inserted_params`, etc.
datamembers should be available after this method completes.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def result(self):
"""Return a result object corresponding to this ExecutionContext.
Returns a ResultProxy.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
"""Receive a DBAPI exception which occurred upon execute, result
fetch, etc.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def should_autocommit_text(self, statement):
"""Parse the given textual statement and return True if it refers to
a "committable" statement
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
"""Return True if the last INSERT or UPDATE row contained
inlined or database-side defaults.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def get_rowcount(self):
"""Return the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` value, or in some
cases an interpreted value.
See :attr:`_engine.ResultProxy.rowcount` for details on this.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
class Connectable(object):
"""Interface for an object which supports execution of SQL constructs.
The two implementations of :class:`.Connectable` are
:class:`_engine.Connection` and :class:`_engine.Engine`.
Connectable must also implement the 'dialect' member which references a
:class:`.Dialect` instance.
"""
def connect(self, **kwargs):
"""Return a :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
Depending on context, this may be ``self`` if this object
is already an instance of :class:`_engine.Connection`, or a newly
procured :class:`_engine.Connection` if this object is an instance
of :class:`_engine.Engine`.
"""
engine = None
"""The :class:`_engine.Engine` instance referred to by this
:class:`.Connectable`.
May be ``self`` if this is already an :class:`_engine.Engine`.
"""
@util.deprecated(
"1.3",
"The :meth:`_engine.Engine.contextual_connect` and "
":meth:`_engine.Connection.contextual_connect` methods are "
"deprecated. This "
"method is an artifact of the threadlocal engine strategy which is "
"also to be deprecated. For explicit connections from an "
":class:`_engine.Engine`, use the :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` "
"method.",
)
def contextual_connect(self, *arg, **kw):
"""Return a :class:`_engine.Connection`
object which may be part of an ongoing
context.
Depending on context, this may be ``self`` if this object
is already an instance of :class:`_engine.Connection`, or a newly
procured :class:`_engine.Connection` if this object is an instance
of :class:`_engine.Engine`.
"""
return self._contextual_connect(*arg, **kw)
def _contextual_connect(self):
raise NotImplementedError()
@util.deprecated(
"0.7",
"The :meth:`.Connectable.create` method is deprecated and will be "
"removed in a future release. Please use the ``.create()`` method "
"on specific schema objects to emit DDL sequences, including "
":meth:`_schema.Table.create`, :meth:`.Index.create`, and "
":meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.",
)
def create(self, entity, **kwargs):
"""Emit CREATE statements for the given schema entity."""
raise NotImplementedError()
@util.deprecated(
"0.7",
"The :meth:`.Connectable.drop` method is deprecated and will be "
"removed in a future release. Please use the ``.drop()`` method "
"on specific schema objects to emit DDL sequences, including "
":meth:`_schema.Table.drop`, :meth:`.Index.drop`, and "
":meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`.",
)
def drop(self, entity, **kwargs):
"""Emit DROP statements for the given schema entity."""
raise NotImplementedError()
def execute(self, object_, *multiparams, **params):
"""Executes the given construct and returns a """
""":class:`_engine.ResultProxy`."""
raise NotImplementedError()
def scalar(self, object_, *multiparams, **params):
"""Executes and returns the first column of the first row.
The underlying cursor is closed after execution.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError()
def _execute_clauseelement(self, elem, multiparams=None, params=None):
raise NotImplementedError()
class ExceptionContext(object):
"""Encapsulate information about an error condition in progress.
This object exists solely to be passed to the
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` event,
supporting an interface that
can be extended without backwards-incompatibility.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.7
"""
connection = None
"""The :class:`_engine.Connection` in use during the exception.
This member is present, except in the case of a failure when
first connecting.
.. seealso::
:attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine`
"""
engine = None
"""The :class:`_engine.Engine` in use during the exception.
This member should always be present, even in the case of a failure
when first connecting.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
"""
cursor = None
"""The DBAPI cursor object.
May be None.
"""
statement = None
"""String SQL statement that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
May be None.
"""
parameters = None
"""Parameter collection that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
May be None.
"""
original_exception = None
"""The exception object which was caught.
This member is always present.
"""
sqlalchemy_exception = None
"""The :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError` which wraps the original,
and will be raised if exception handling is not circumvented by the event.
May be None, as not all exception types are wrapped by SQLAlchemy.
For DBAPI-level exceptions that subclass the dbapi's Error class, this
field will always be present.
"""
chained_exception = None
"""The exception that was returned by the previous handler in the
exception chain, if any.
If present, this exception will be the one ultimately raised by
SQLAlchemy unless a subsequent handler replaces it.
May be None.
"""
execution_context = None
"""The :class:`.ExecutionContext` corresponding to the execution
operation in progress.
This is present for statement execution operations, but not for
operations such as transaction begin/end. It also is not present when
the exception was raised before the :class:`.ExecutionContext`
could be constructed.
Note that the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.statement` and
:attr:`.ExceptionContext.parameters` members may represent a
different value than that of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
potentially in the case where a
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` event or similar
modified the statement/parameters to be sent.
May be None.
"""
is_disconnect = None
"""Represent whether the exception as occurred represents a "disconnect"
condition.
This flag will always be True or False within the scope of the
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` handler.
SQLAlchemy will defer to this flag in order to determine whether or not
the connection should be invalidated subsequently. That is, by
assigning to this flag, a "disconnect" event which then results in
a connection and pool invalidation can be invoked or prevented by
changing this flag.
.. note:: The pool "pre_ping" handler enabled using the
:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` parameter does **not**
consult this event before deciding if the "ping" returned false,
as opposed to receiving an unhandled error. For this use case, the
:ref:`legacy recipe based on engine_connect() may be used
<pool_disconnects_pessimistic_custom>`. A future API allow more
comprehensive customization of the "disconnect" detection mechanism
across all functions.
"""
invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = True
"""Represent whether all connections in the pool should be invalidated
when a "disconnect" condition is in effect.
Setting this flag to False within the scope of the
:meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.handle_error`
event will have the effect such
that the full collection of connections in the pool will not be
invalidated during a disconnect; only the current connection that is the
subject of the error will actually be invalidated.
The purpose of this flag is for custom disconnect-handling schemes where
the invalidation of other connections in the pool is to be performed
based on other conditions, or even on a per-connection basis.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.3
"""