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"""Get useful information from live Python objects.
This module encapsulates the interface provided by the internal special
attributes (co_*, im_*, tb_*, etc.) in a friendlier fashion.
It also provides some help for examining source code and class layout.
Here are some of the useful functions provided by this module:
ismodule(), isclass(), ismethod(), isfunction(), isgeneratorfunction(),
isgenerator(), istraceback(), isframe(), iscode(), isbuiltin(),
isroutine() - check object types
getmembers() - get members of an object that satisfy a given condition
getfile(), getsourcefile(), getsource() - find an object's source code
getdoc(), getcomments() - get documentation on an object
getmodule() - determine the module that an object came from
getclasstree() - arrange classes so as to represent their hierarchy
getargvalues(), getcallargs() - get info about function arguments
getfullargspec() - same, with support for Python 3 features
formatargvalues() - format an argument spec
getouterframes(), getinnerframes() - get info about frames
currentframe() - get the current stack frame
stack(), trace() - get info about frames on the stack or in a traceback
signature() - get a Signature object for the callable
get_annotations() - safely compute an object's annotations
"""
# This module is in the public domain. No warranties.
__author__ = ('Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>',
'Yury Selivanov <yselivanov@sprymix.com>')
import abc
import ast
import dis
import collections.abc
import enum
import importlib.machinery
import itertools
import linecache
import os
import re
import sys
import tokenize
import token
import types
import warnings
import functools
import builtins
from operator import attrgetter
from collections import namedtuple, OrderedDict
# Create constants for the compiler flags in Include/code.h
# We try to get them from dis to avoid duplication
mod_dict = globals()
for k, v in dis.COMPILER_FLAG_NAMES.items():
mod_dict["CO_" + v] = k
# See Include/object.h
TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT = 1 << 20
def get_annotations(obj, *, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False):
"""Compute the annotations dict for an object.
obj may be a callable, class, or module.
Passing in an object of any other type raises TypeError.
Returns a dict. get_annotations() returns a new dict every time
it's called; calling it twice on the same object will return two
different but equivalent dicts.
This function handles several details for you:
* If eval_str is true, values of type str will
be un-stringized using eval(). This is intended
for use with stringized annotations
("from __future__ import annotations").
* If obj doesn't have an annotations dict, returns an
empty dict. (Functions and methods always have an
annotations dict; classes, modules, and other types of
callables may not.)
* Ignores inherited annotations on classes. If a class
doesn't have its own annotations dict, returns an empty dict.
* All accesses to object members and dict values are done
using getattr() and dict.get() for safety.
* Always, always, always returns a freshly-created dict.
eval_str controls whether or not values of type str are replaced
with the result of calling eval() on those values:
* If eval_str is true, eval() is called on values of type str.
* If eval_str is false (the default), values of type str are unchanged.
globals and locals are passed in to eval(); see the documentation
for eval() for more information. If either globals or locals is
None, this function may replace that value with a context-specific
default, contingent on type(obj):
* If obj is a module, globals defaults to obj.__dict__.
* If obj is a class, globals defaults to
sys.modules[obj.__module__].__dict__ and locals
defaults to the obj class namespace.
* If obj is a callable, globals defaults to obj.__globals__,
although if obj is a wrapped function (using
functools.update_wrapper()) it is first unwrapped.
"""
if isinstance(obj, type):
# class
obj_dict = getattr(obj, '__dict__', None)
if obj_dict and hasattr(obj_dict, 'get'):
ann = obj_dict.get('__annotations__', None)
if isinstance(ann, types.GetSetDescriptorType):
ann = None
else:
ann = None
obj_globals = None
module_name = getattr(obj, '__module__', None)
if module_name:
module = sys.modules.get(module_name, None)
if module:
obj_globals = getattr(module, '__dict__', None)
obj_locals = dict(vars(obj))
unwrap = obj
elif isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):
# module
ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)
obj_globals = getattr(obj, '__dict__')
obj_locals = None
unwrap = None
elif callable(obj):
# this includes types.Function, types.BuiltinFunctionType,
# types.BuiltinMethodType, functools.partial, functools.singledispatch,
# "class funclike" from Lib/test/test_inspect... on and on it goes.
ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)
obj_globals = getattr(obj, '__globals__', None)
obj_locals = None
unwrap = obj
else:
raise TypeError(f"{obj!r} is not a module, class, or callable.")
if ann is None:
return {}
if not isinstance(ann, dict):
raise ValueError(f"{obj!r}.__annotations__ is neither a dict nor None")
if not ann:
return {}
if not eval_str:
return dict(ann)
if unwrap is not None:
while True:
if hasattr(unwrap, '__wrapped__'):
unwrap = unwrap.__wrapped__
continue
if isinstance(unwrap, functools.partial):
unwrap = unwrap.func
continue
break
if hasattr(unwrap, "__globals__"):
obj_globals = unwrap.__globals__
if globals is None:
globals = obj_globals
if locals is None:
locals = obj_locals
return_value = {key:
value if not isinstance(value, str) else eval(value, globals, locals)
for key, value in ann.items() }
return return_value
# ----------------------------------------------------------- type-checking
def ismodule(object):
"""Return true if the object is a module.
Module objects provide these attributes:
__cached__ pathname to byte compiled file
__doc__ documentation string
__file__ filename (missing for built-in modules)"""
return isinstance(object, types.ModuleType)
def isclass(object):
"""Return true if the object is a class.
Class objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__module__ name of module in which this class was defined"""
return isinstance(object, type)
def ismethod(object):
"""Return true if the object is an instance method.
Instance method objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this method was defined
__func__ function object containing implementation of method
__self__ instance to which this method is bound"""
return isinstance(object, types.MethodType)
def ismethoddescriptor(object):
"""Return true if the object is a method descriptor.
But not if ismethod() or isclass() or isfunction() are true.
This is new in Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__.
An object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__
attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. __name__ is
usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.
Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other
tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because
the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the
__func__ attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod()."""
if isclass(object) or ismethod(object) or isfunction(object):
# mutual exclusion
return False
tp = type(object)
return hasattr(tp, "__get__") and not hasattr(tp, "__set__")
def isdatadescriptor(object):
"""Return true if the object is a data descriptor.
Data descriptors have a __set__ or a __delete__ attribute. Examples are
properties (defined in Python) and getsets and members (defined in C).
Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes
(properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this
is not guaranteed."""
if isclass(object) or ismethod(object) or isfunction(object):
# mutual exclusion
return False
tp = type(object)
return hasattr(tp, "__set__") or hasattr(tp, "__delete__")
if hasattr(types, 'MemberDescriptorType'):
# CPython and equivalent
def ismemberdescriptor(object):
"""Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
Member descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules."""
return isinstance(object, types.MemberDescriptorType)
else:
# Other implementations
def ismemberdescriptor(object):
"""Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
Member descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules."""
return False
if hasattr(types, 'GetSetDescriptorType'):
# CPython and equivalent
def isgetsetdescriptor(object):
"""Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
getset descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules."""
return isinstance(object, types.GetSetDescriptorType)
else:
# Other implementations
def isgetsetdescriptor(object):
"""Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
getset descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
modules."""
return False
def isfunction(object):
"""Return true if the object is a user-defined function.
Function objects provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ name with which this function was defined
__code__ code object containing compiled function bytecode
__defaults__ tuple of any default values for arguments
__globals__ global namespace in which this function was defined
__annotations__ dict of parameter annotations
__kwdefaults__ dict of keyword only parameters with defaults"""
return isinstance(object, types.FunctionType)
def _has_code_flag(f, flag):
"""Return true if ``f`` is a function (or a method or functools.partial
wrapper wrapping a function) whose code object has the given ``flag``
set in its flags."""
while ismethod(f):
f = f.__func__
f = functools._unwrap_partial(f)
if not (isfunction(f) or _signature_is_functionlike(f)):
return False
return bool(f.__code__.co_flags & flag)
def isgeneratorfunction(obj):
"""Return true if the object is a user-defined generator function.
Generator function objects provide the same attributes as functions.
See help(isfunction) for a list of attributes."""
return _has_code_flag(obj, CO_GENERATOR)
def iscoroutinefunction(obj):
"""Return true if the object is a coroutine function.
Coroutine functions are defined with "async def" syntax.
"""
return _has_code_flag(obj, CO_COROUTINE)
def isasyncgenfunction(obj):
"""Return true if the object is an asynchronous generator function.
Asynchronous generator functions are defined with "async def"
syntax and have "yield" expressions in their body.
"""
return _has_code_flag(obj, CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR)
def isasyncgen(object):
"""Return true if the object is an asynchronous generator."""
return isinstance(object, types.AsyncGeneratorType)
def isgenerator(object):
"""Return true if the object is a generator.
Generator objects provide these attributes:
__iter__ defined to support iteration over container
close raises a new GeneratorExit exception inside the
generator to terminate the iteration
gi_code code object
gi_frame frame object or possibly None once the generator has
been exhausted
gi_running set to 1 when generator is executing, 0 otherwise
next return the next item from the container
send resumes the generator and "sends" a value that becomes
the result of the current yield-expression
throw used to raise an exception inside the generator"""
return isinstance(object, types.GeneratorType)
def iscoroutine(object):
"""Return true if the object is a coroutine."""
return isinstance(object, types.CoroutineType)
def isawaitable(object):
"""Return true if object can be passed to an ``await`` expression."""
return (isinstance(object, types.CoroutineType) or
isinstance(object, types.GeneratorType) and
bool(object.gi_code.co_flags & CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE) or
isinstance(object, collections.abc.Awaitable))
def istraceback(object):
"""Return true if the object is a traceback.
Traceback objects provide these attributes:
tb_frame frame object at this level
tb_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
tb_lineno current line number in Python source code
tb_next next inner traceback object (called by this level)"""
return isinstance(object, types.TracebackType)
def isframe(object):
"""Return true if the object is a frame object.
Frame objects provide these attributes:
f_back next outer frame object (this frame's caller)
f_builtins built-in namespace seen by this frame
f_code code object being executed in this frame
f_globals global namespace seen by this frame
f_lasti index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
f_lineno current line number in Python source code
f_locals local namespace seen by this frame
f_trace tracing function for this frame, or None"""
return isinstance(object, types.FrameType)
def iscode(object):
"""Return true if the object is a code object.
Code objects provide these attributes:
co_argcount number of arguments (not including *, ** args
or keyword only arguments)
co_code string of raw compiled bytecode
co_cellvars tuple of names of cell variables
co_consts tuple of constants used in the bytecode
co_filename name of file in which this code object was created
co_firstlineno number of first line in Python source code
co_flags bitmap: 1=optimized | 2=newlocals | 4=*arg | 8=**arg
| 16=nested | 32=generator | 64=nofree | 128=coroutine
| 256=iterable_coroutine | 512=async_generator
co_freevars tuple of names of free variables
co_posonlyargcount number of positional only arguments
co_kwonlyargcount number of keyword only arguments (not including ** arg)
co_lnotab encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices
co_name name with which this code object was defined
co_names tuple of names other than arguments and function locals
co_nlocals number of local variables
co_stacksize virtual machine stack space required
co_varnames tuple of names of arguments and local variables"""
return isinstance(object, types.CodeType)
def isbuiltin(object):
"""Return true if the object is a built-in function or method.
Built-in functions and methods provide these attributes:
__doc__ documentation string
__name__ original name of this function or method
__self__ instance to which a method is bound, or None"""
return isinstance(object, types.BuiltinFunctionType)
def isroutine(object):
"""Return true if the object is any kind of function or method."""
return (isbuiltin(object)
or isfunction(object)
or ismethod(object)
or ismethoddescriptor(object))
def isabstract(object):
"""Return true if the object is an abstract base class (ABC)."""
if not isinstance(object, type):
return False
if object.__flags__ & TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT:
return True
if not issubclass(type(object), abc.ABCMeta):
return False
if hasattr(object, '__abstractmethods__'):
# It looks like ABCMeta.__new__ has finished running;
# TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT should have been accurate.
return False
# It looks like ABCMeta.__new__ has not finished running yet; we're
# probably in __init_subclass__. We'll look for abstractmethods manually.
for name, value in object.__dict__.items():
if getattr(value, "__isabstractmethod__", False):
return True
for base in object.__bases__:
for name in getattr(base, "__abstractmethods__", ()):
value = getattr(object, name, None)
if getattr(value, "__isabstractmethod__", False):
return True
return False
def getmembers(object, predicate=None):
"""Return all members of an object as (name, value) pairs sorted by name.
Optionally, only return members that satisfy a given predicate."""
if isclass(object):
mro = (object,) + getmro(object)
else:
mro = ()
results = []
processed = set()
names = dir(object)
# :dd any DynamicClassAttributes to the list of names if object is a class;
# this may result in duplicate entries if, for example, a virtual
# attribute with the same name as a DynamicClassAttribute exists
try:
for base in object.__bases__:
for k, v in base.__dict__.items():
if isinstance(v, types.DynamicClassAttribute):
names.append(k)
except AttributeError:
pass
for key in names:
# First try to get the value via getattr. Some descriptors don't
# like calling their __get__ (see bug #1785), so fall back to
# looking in the __dict__.
try:
value = getattr(object, key)
# handle the duplicate key
if key in processed:
raise AttributeError
except AttributeError:
for base in mro:
if key in base.__dict__:
value = base.__dict__[key]
break
else:
# could be a (currently) missing slot member, or a buggy
# __dir__; discard and move on
continue
if not predicate or predicate(value):
results.append((key, value))
processed.add(key)
results.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[0])
return results
Attribute = namedtuple('Attribute', 'name kind defining_class object')
def classify_class_attrs(cls):
"""Return list of attribute-descriptor tuples.
For each name in dir(cls), the return list contains a 4-tuple
with these elements:
0. The name (a string).
1. The kind of attribute this is, one of these strings:
'class method' created via classmethod()
'static method' created via staticmethod()
'property' created via property()
'method' any other flavor of method or descriptor
'data' not a method
2. The class which defined this attribute (a class).
3. The object as obtained by calling getattr; if this fails, or if the
resulting object does not live anywhere in the class' mro (including
metaclasses) then the object is looked up in the defining class's
dict (found by walking the mro).
If one of the items in dir(cls) is stored in the metaclass it will now
be discovered and not have None be listed as the class in which it was
defined. Any items whose home class cannot be discovered are skipped.
"""
mro = getmro(cls)
metamro = getmro(type(cls)) # for attributes stored in the metaclass
metamro = tuple(cls for cls in metamro if cls not in (type, object))
class_bases = (cls,) + mro
all_bases = class_bases + metamro
names = dir(cls)
# :dd any DynamicClassAttributes to the list of names;
# this may result in duplicate entries if, for example, a virtual
# attribute with the same name as a DynamicClassAttribute exists.
for base in mro:
for k, v in base.__dict__.items():
if isinstance(v, types.DynamicClassAttribute) and v.fget is not None:
names.append(k)
result = []
processed = set()
for name in names:
# Get the object associated with the name, and where it was defined.
# Normal objects will be looked up with both getattr and directly in
# its class' dict (in case getattr fails [bug #1785], and also to look
# for a docstring).
# For DynamicClassAttributes on the second pass we only look in the
# class's dict.
#
# Getting an obj from the __dict__ sometimes reveals more than
# using getattr. Static and class methods are dramatic examples.
homecls = None
get_obj = None
dict_obj = None
if name not in processed:
try:
if name == '__dict__':
raise Exception("__dict__ is special, don't want the proxy")
get_obj = getattr(cls, name)
except Exception as exc:
pass
else:
homecls = getattr(get_obj, "__objclass__", homecls)
if homecls not in class_bases:
# if the resulting object does not live somewhere in the
# mro, drop it and search the mro manually
homecls = None
last_cls = None
# first look in the classes
for srch_cls in class_bases:
srch_obj = getattr(srch_cls, name, None)
if srch_obj is get_obj:
last_cls = srch_cls
# then check the metaclasses
for srch_cls in metamro:
try:
srch_obj = srch_cls.__getattr__(cls, name)
except AttributeError:
continue
if srch_obj is get_obj:
last_cls = srch_cls
if last_cls is not None:
homecls = last_cls
for base in all_bases:
if name in base.__dict__:
dict_obj = base.__dict__[name]
if homecls not in metamro:
homecls = base
break
if homecls is None:
# unable to locate the attribute anywhere, most likely due to
# buggy custom __dir__; discard and move on
continue
obj = get_obj if get_obj is not None else dict_obj
# Classify the object or its descriptor.
if isinstance(dict_obj, (staticmethod, types.BuiltinMethodType)):
kind = "static method"
obj = dict_obj
elif isinstance(dict_obj, (classmethod, types.ClassMethodDescriptorType)):
kind = "class method"
obj = dict_obj
elif isinstance(dict_obj, property):
kind = "property"
obj = dict_obj
elif isroutine(obj):
kind = "method"
else:
kind = "data"
result.append(Attribute(name, kind, homecls, obj))
processed.add(name)
return result
# ----------------------------------------------------------- class helpers
def getmro(cls):
"Return tuple of base classes (including cls) in method resolution order."
return cls.__mro__
# -------------------------------------------------------- function helpers
def unwrap(func, *, stop=None):
"""Get the object wrapped by *func*.
Follows the chain of :attr:`__wrapped__` attributes returning the last
object in the chain.
*stop* is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper chain
as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be terminated early if
the callback returns a true value. If the callback never returns a true
value, the last object in the chain is returned as usual. For example,
:func:`signature` uses this to stop unwrapping if any object in the
chain has a ``__signature__`` attribute defined.
:exc:`ValueError` is raised if a cycle is encountered.
"""
if stop is None:
def _is_wrapper(f):
return hasattr(f, '__wrapped__')
else:
def _is_wrapper(f):
return hasattr(f, '__wrapped__') and not stop(f)
f = func # remember the original func for error reporting
# Memoise by id to tolerate non-hashable objects, but store objects to
# ensure they aren't destroyed, which would allow their IDs to be reused.
memo = {id(f): f}
recursion_limit = sys.getrecursionlimit()
while _is_wrapper(func):
func = func.__wrapped__
id_func = id(func)
if (id_func in memo) or (len(memo) >= recursion_limit):
raise ValueError('wrapper loop when unwrapping {!r}'.format(f))
memo[id_func] = func
return func
# -------------------------------------------------- source code extraction
def indentsize(line):
"""Return the indent size, in spaces, at the start of a line of text."""
expline = line.expandtabs()
return len(expline) - len(expline.lstrip())
def _findclass(func):
cls = sys.modules.get(func.__module__)
if cls is None:
return None
for name in func.__qualname__.split('.')[:-1]:
cls = getattr(cls, name)
if not isclass(cls):
return None
return cls
def _finddoc(obj):
if isclass(obj):
for base in obj.__mro__:
if base is not object:
try:
doc = base.__doc__
except AttributeError:
continue
if doc is not None:
return doc
return None
if ismethod(obj):
name = obj.__func__.__name__
self = obj.__self__
if (isclass(self) and
getattr(getattr(self, name, None), '__func__') is obj.__func__):
# classmethod
cls = self
else:
cls = self.__class__
elif isfunction(obj):
name = obj.__name__
cls = _findclass(obj)
if cls is None or getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
return None
elif isbuiltin(obj):
name = obj.__name__
self = obj.__self__
if (isclass(self) and
self.__qualname__ + '.' + name == obj.__qualname__):
# classmethod
cls = self
else:
cls = self.__class__
# Should be tested before isdatadescriptor().
elif isinstance(obj, property):
func = obj.fget
name = func.__name__
cls = _findclass(func)
if cls is None or getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
return None
elif ismethoddescriptor(obj) or isdatadescriptor(obj):
name = obj.__name__
cls = obj.__objclass__
if getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
return None
if ismemberdescriptor(obj):
slots = getattr(cls, '__slots__', None)
if isinstance(slots, dict) and name in slots:
return slots[name]
else:
return None
for base in cls.__mro__:
try:
doc = getattr(base, name).__doc__
except AttributeError:
continue
if doc is not None:
return doc
return None
def getdoc(object):
"""Get the documentation string for an object.
All tabs are expanded to spaces. To clean up docstrings that are
indented to line up with blocks of code, any whitespace than can be
uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed."""
try:
doc = object.__doc__
except AttributeError:
return None
if doc is None:
try:
doc = _finddoc(object)
except (AttributeError, TypeError):
return None
if not isinstance(doc, str):
return None
return cleandoc(doc)
def cleandoc(doc):
"""Clean up indentation from docstrings.
Any whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line
onwards is removed."""
try:
lines = doc.expandtabs().split('\n')
except UnicodeError:
return None
else:
# Find minimum indentation of any non-blank lines after first line.
margin = sys.maxsize
for line in lines[1:]:
content = len(line.lstrip())
if content:
indent = len(line) - content
margin = min(margin, indent)
# Remove indentation.
if lines:
lines[0] = lines[0].lstrip()
if margin < sys.maxsize:
for i in range(1, len(lines)): lines[i] = lines[i][margin:]
# Remove any trailing or leading blank lines.
while lines and not lines[-1]:
lines.pop()
while lines and not lines[0]:
lines.pop(0)
return '\n'.join(lines)
def getfile(object):
"""Work out which source or compiled file an object was defined in."""
if ismodule(object):
if getattr(object, '__file__', None):
return object.__file__
raise TypeError('{!r} is a built-in module'.format(object))
if isclass(object):
if hasattr(object, '__module__'):
module = sys.modules.get(object.__module__)
if getattr(module, '__file__', None):
return module.__file__
if object.__module__ == '__main__':
raise OSError('source code not available')
raise TypeError('{!r} is a built-in class'.format(object))
if ismethod(object):
object = object.__func__
if isfunction(object):
object = object.__code__
if istraceback(object):
object = object.tb_frame
if isframe(object):
object = object.f_code
if iscode(object):
return object.co_filename
raise TypeError('module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or '
'code object was expected, got {}'.format(
type(object).__name__))
def getmodulename(path):
"""Return the module name for a given file, or None."""
fname = os.path.basename(path)
# Check for paths that look like an actual module file
suffixes = [(-len(suffix), suffix)
for suffix in importlib.machinery.all_suffixes()]
suffixes.sort() # try longest suffixes first, in case they overlap
for neglen, suffix in suffixes:
if fname.endswith(suffix):
return fname[:neglen]
return None
def getsourcefile(object):
"""Return the filename that can be used to locate an object's source.
Return None if no way can be identified to get the source.
"""
filename = getfile(object)
all_bytecode_suffixes = importlib.machinery.DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[:]
all_bytecode_suffixes += importlib.machinery.OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[:]
if any(filename.endswith(s) for s in all_bytecode_suffixes):
filename = (os.path.splitext(filename)[0] +
importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES[0])
elif any(filename.endswith(s) for s in
importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES):
return None
if os.path.exists(filename):
return filename
# only return a non-existent filename if the module has a PEP 302 loader
module = getmodule(object, filename)
if getattr(module, '__loader__', None) is not None:
return filename
elif getattr(getattr(module, "__spec__", None), "loader", None) is not None:
return filename
# or it is in the linecache
elif filename in linecache.cache:
return filename
def getabsfile(object, _filename=None):
"""Return an absolute path to the source or compiled file for an object.
The idea is for each object to have a unique origin, so this routine
normalizes the result as much as possible."""
if _filename is None:
_filename = getsourcefile(object) or getfile(object)
return os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(_filename))
modulesbyfile = {}
_filesbymodname = {}
def getmodule(object, _filename=None):
"""Return the module an object was defined in, or None if not found."""
if ismodule(object):
return object
if hasattr(object, '__module__'):
return sys.modules.get(object.__module__)
# Try the filename to modulename cache
if _filename is not None and _filename in modulesbyfile:
return sys.modules.get(modulesbyfile[_filename])
# Try the cache again with the absolute file name
try:
file = getabsfile(object, _filename)
except (TypeError, FileNotFoundError):
return None
if file in modulesbyfile:
return sys.modules.get(modulesbyfile[file])
# Update the filename to module name cache and check yet again
# Copy sys.modules in order to cope with changes while iterating
for modname, module in sys.modules.copy().items():
if ismodule(module) and hasattr(module, '__file__'):
f = module.__file__
if f == _filesbymodname.get(modname, None):
# Have already mapped this module, so skip it
continue
_filesbymodname[modname] = f
f = getabsfile(module)
# Always map to the name the module knows itself by
modulesbyfile[f] = modulesbyfile[
os.path.realpath(f)] = module.__name__
if file in modulesbyfile:
return sys.modules.get(modulesbyfile[file])
# Check the main module
main = sys.modules['__main__']
if not hasattr(object, '__name__'):
return None
if hasattr(main, object.__name__):
mainobject = getattr(main, object.__name__)
if mainobject is object:
return main
# Check builtins
builtin = sys.modules['builtins']
if hasattr(builtin, object.__name__):
builtinobject = getattr(builtin, object.__name__)
if builtinobject is object:
return builtin
class ClassFoundException(Exception):
pass
class _ClassFinder(ast.NodeVisitor):
def __init__(self, qualname):
self.stack = []
self.qualname = qualname
def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
self.stack.append(node.name)
self.stack.append('<locals>')
self.generic_visit(node)
self.stack.pop()
self.stack.pop()
visit_AsyncFunctionDef = visit_FunctionDef
def visit_ClassDef(self, node):
self.stack.append(node.name)
if self.qualname == '.'.join(self.stack):
# Return the decorator for the class if present
if node.decorator_list:
line_number = node.decorator_list[0].lineno
else:
line_number = node.lineno
# decrement by one since lines starts with indexing by zero
line_number -= 1
raise ClassFoundException(line_number)
self.generic_visit(node)
self.stack.pop()
def findsource(object):
"""Return the entire source file and starting line number for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a list of all the lines
in the file and the line number indexes a line in that list. An OSError
is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved."""
file = getsourcefile(object)
if file:
# Invalidate cache if needed.
linecache.checkcache(file)
else:
file = getfile(object)
# Allow filenames in form of "<something>" to pass through.
# `doctest` monkeypatches `linecache` module to enable
# inspection, so let `linecache.getlines` to be called.
if not (file.startswith('<') and file.endswith('>')):
raise OSError('source code not available')
module = getmodule(object, file)
if module:
lines = linecache.getlines(file, module.__dict__)
else:
lines = linecache.getlines(file)
if not lines:
raise OSError('could not get source code')
if ismodule(object):
return lines, 0
if isclass(object):
qualname = object.__qualname__
source = ''.join(lines)
tree = ast.parse(source)
class_finder = _ClassFinder(qualname)
try:
class_finder.visit(tree)
except ClassFoundException as e:
line_number = e.args[0]
return lines, line_number
else:
raise OSError('could not find class definition')
if ismethod(object):
object = object.__func__
if isfunction(object):
object = object.__code__
if istraceback(object):
object = object.tb_frame
if isframe(object):
object = object.f_code
if iscode(object):
if not hasattr(object, 'co_firstlineno'):
raise OSError('could not find function definition')
lnum = object.co_firstlineno - 1
pat = re.compile(r'^(\s*def\s)|(\s*async\s+def\s)|(.*(?<!\w)lambda(:|\s))|^(\s*@)')
while lnum > 0:
try:
line = lines[lnum]
except IndexError:
raise OSError('lineno is out of bounds')
if pat.match(line):
break
lnum = lnum - 1
return lines, lnum
raise OSError('could not find code object')
def getcomments(object):
"""Get lines of comments immediately preceding an object's source code.
Returns None when source can't be found.
"""
try:
lines, lnum = findsource(object)
except (OSError, TypeError):
return None
if ismodule(object):
# Look for a comment block at the top of the file.
start = 0
if lines and lines[0][:2] == '#!': start = 1
while start < len(lines) and lines[start].strip() in ('', '#'):
start = start + 1
if start < len(lines) and lines[start][:1] == '#':
comments = []
end = start
while end < len(lines) and lines[end][:1] == '#':
comments.append(lines[end].expandtabs())
end = end + 1
return ''.join(comments)
# Look for a preceding block of comments at the same indentation.
elif lnum > 0:
indent = indentsize(lines[lnum])
end = lnum - 1
if end >= 0 and lines[end].lstrip()[:1] == '#' and \
indentsize(lines[end]) == indent:
comments = [lines[end].expandtabs().lstrip()]
if end > 0:
end = end - 1
comment = lines[end].expandtabs().lstrip()
while comment[:1] == '#' and indentsize(lines[end]) == indent:
comments[:0] = [comment]
end = end - 1
if end < 0: break
comment = lines[end].expandtabs().lstrip()
while comments and comments[0].strip() == '#':
comments[:1] = []
while comments and comments[-1].strip() == '#':
comments[-1:] = []
return ''.join(comments)
class EndOfBlock(Exception): pass
class BlockFinder:
"""Provide a tokeneater() method to detect the end of a code block."""
def __init__(self):
self.indent = 0
self.islambda = False
self.started = False
self.passline = False
self.indecorator = False
self.last = 1
self.body_col0 = None
def tokeneater(self, type, token, srowcol, erowcol, line):
if not self.started and not self.indecorator:
# skip any decorators
if token == "@":
self.indecorator = True
# look for the first "def", "class" or "lambda"
elif token in ("def", "class", "lambda"):
if token == "lambda":
self.islambda = True
self.started = True
self.passline = True # skip to the end of the line
elif type == tokenize.NEWLINE:
self.passline = False # stop skipping when a NEWLINE is seen
self.last = srowcol[0]
if self.islambda: # lambdas always end at the first NEWLINE
raise EndOfBlock
# hitting a NEWLINE when in a decorator without args
# ends the decorator
if self.indecorator:
self.indecorator = False
elif self.passline:
pass
elif type == tokenize.INDENT:
if self.body_col0 is None and self.started:
self.body_col0 = erowcol[1]
self.indent = self.indent + 1
self.passline = True
elif type == tokenize.DEDENT:
self.indent = self.indent - 1
# the end of matching indent/dedent pairs end a block
# (note that this only works for "def"/"class" blocks,
# not e.g. for "if: else:" or "try: finally:" blocks)
if self.indent <= 0:
raise EndOfBlock
elif type == tokenize.COMMENT:
if self.body_col0 is not None and srowcol[1] >= self.body_col0:
# Include comments if indented at least as much as the block
self.last = srowcol[0]
elif self.indent == 0 and type not in (tokenize.COMMENT, tokenize.NL):
# any other token on the same indentation level end the previous
# block as well, except the pseudo-tokens COMMENT and NL.
raise EndOfBlock
def getblock(lines):
"""Extract the block of code at the top of the given list of lines."""
blockfinder = BlockFinder()
try:
tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(iter(lines).__next__)
for _token in tokens:
blockfinder.tokeneater(*_token)
except (EndOfBlock, IndentationError):
pass
return lines[:blockfinder.last]
def getsourcelines(object):
"""Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines
corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the
original source file the first line of code was found. An OSError is
raised if the source code cannot be retrieved."""
object = unwrap(object)
lines, lnum = findsource(object)
if istraceback(object):
object = object.tb_frame
# for module or frame that corresponds to module, return all source lines
if (ismodule(object) or
(isframe(object) and object.f_code.co_name == "<module>")):
return lines, 0
else:
return getblock(lines[lnum:]), lnum + 1
def getsource(object):
"""Return the text of the source code for an object.
The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An
OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved."""
lines, lnum = getsourcelines(object)
return ''.join(lines)
# --------------------------------------------------- class tree extraction
def walktree(classes, children, parent):
"""Recursive helper function for getclasstree()."""
results = []
classes.sort(key=attrgetter('__module__', '__name__'))
for c in classes:
results.append((c, c.__bases__))
if c in children:
results.append(walktree(children[c], children, c))
return results
def getclasstree(classes, unique=False):
"""Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists.
Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class
whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple
containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the 'unique'
argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure
for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple
inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times."""
children = {}
roots = []
for c in classes:
if c.__bases__:
for parent in c.__bases__:
if parent not in children:
children[parent] = []
if c not in children[parent]:
children[parent].append(c)
if unique and parent in classes: break
elif c not in roots:
roots.append(c)
for parent in children:
if parent not in classes:
roots.append(parent)
return walktree(roots, children, None)
# ------------------------------------------------ argument list extraction
Arguments = namedtuple('Arguments', 'args, varargs, varkw')
def getargs(co):
"""Get information about the arguments accepted by a code object.
Three things are returned: (args, varargs, varkw), where
'args' is the list of argument names. Keyword-only arguments are
appended. 'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and **
arguments or None."""
if not iscode(co):
raise TypeError('{!r} is not a code object'.format(co))
names = co.co_varnames
nargs = co.co_argcount
nkwargs = co.co_kwonlyargcount
args = list(names[:nargs])
kwonlyargs = list(names[nargs:nargs+nkwargs])
step = 0
nargs += nkwargs
varargs = None
if co.co_flags & CO_VARARGS:
varargs = co.co_varnames[nargs]
nargs = nargs + 1
varkw = None
if co.co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS:
varkw = co.co_varnames[nargs]
return Arguments(args + kwonlyargs, varargs, varkw)
ArgSpec = namedtuple('ArgSpec', 'args varargs keywords defaults')
def getargspec(func):
"""Get the names and default values of a function's parameters.
A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, keywords, defaults).
'args' is a list of the argument names, including keyword-only argument names.
'varargs' and 'keywords' are the names of the * and ** parameters or None.
'defaults' is an n-tuple of the default values of the last n parameters.
This function is deprecated, as it does not support annotations or
keyword-only parameters and will raise ValueError if either is present
on the supplied callable.
For a more structured introspection API, use inspect.signature() instead.
Alternatively, use getfullargspec() for an API with a similar namedtuple
based interface, but full support for annotations and keyword-only
parameters.
Deprecated since Python 3.5, use `inspect.getfullargspec()`.
"""
warnings.warn("inspect.getargspec() is deprecated since Python 3.0, "
"use inspect.signature() or inspect.getfullargspec()",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, ann = \
getfullargspec(func)
if kwonlyargs or ann:
raise ValueError("Function has keyword-only parameters or annotations"
", use inspect.signature() API which can support them")
return ArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults)
FullArgSpec = namedtuple('FullArgSpec',
'args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations')
def getfullargspec(func):
"""Get the names and default values of a callable object's parameters.
A tuple of seven things is returned:
(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations).
'args' is a list of the parameter names.
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** parameters or None.
'defaults' is an n-tuple of the default values of the last n parameters.
'kwonlyargs' is a list of keyword-only parameter names.
'kwonlydefaults' is a dictionary mapping names from kwonlyargs to defaults.
'annotations' is a dictionary mapping parameter names to annotations.
Notable differences from inspect.signature():
- the "self" parameter is always reported, even for bound methods
- wrapper chains defined by __wrapped__ *not* unwrapped automatically
"""
try:
# Re: `skip_bound_arg=False`
#
# There is a notable difference in behaviour between getfullargspec
# and Signature: the former always returns 'self' parameter for bound
# methods, whereas the Signature always shows the actual calling
# signature of the passed object.
#
# To simulate this behaviour, we "unbind" bound methods, to trick
# inspect.signature to always return their first parameter ("self",
# usually)
# Re: `follow_wrapper_chains=False`
#
# getfullargspec() historically ignored __wrapped__ attributes,
# so we ensure that remains the case in 3.3+
sig = _signature_from_callable(func,
follow_wrapper_chains=False,
skip_bound_arg=False,
sigcls=Signature,
eval_str=False)
except Exception as ex:
# Most of the times 'signature' will raise ValueError.
# But, it can also raise AttributeError, and, maybe something
# else. So to be fully backwards compatible, we catch all
# possible exceptions here, and reraise a TypeError.
raise TypeError('unsupported callable') from ex
args = []
varargs = None
varkw = None
posonlyargs = []
kwonlyargs = []
annotations = {}
defaults = ()
kwdefaults = {}
if sig.return_annotation is not sig.empty:
annotations['return'] = sig.return_annotation
for param in sig.parameters.values():
kind = param.kind
name = param.name
if kind is _POSITIONAL_ONLY:
posonlyargs.append(name)
if param.default is not param.empty:
defaults += (param.default,)
elif kind is _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
args.append(name)
if param.default is not param.empty:
defaults += (param.default,)
elif kind is _VAR_POSITIONAL:
varargs = name
elif kind is _KEYWORD_ONLY:
kwonlyargs.append(name)
if param.default is not param.empty:
kwdefaults[name] = param.default
elif kind is _VAR_KEYWORD:
varkw = name
if param.annotation is not param.empty:
annotations[name] = param.annotation
if not kwdefaults:
# compatibility with 'func.__kwdefaults__'
kwdefaults = None
if not defaults:
# compatibility with 'func.__defaults__'
defaults = None
return FullArgSpec(posonlyargs + args, varargs, varkw, defaults,
kwonlyargs, kwdefaults, annotations)
ArgInfo = namedtuple('ArgInfo', 'args varargs keywords locals')
def getargvalues(frame):
"""Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame.
A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, varkw, locals).
'args' is a list of the argument names.
'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
'locals' is the locals dictionary of the given frame."""
args, varargs, varkw = getargs(frame.f_code)
return ArgInfo(args, varargs, varkw, frame.f_locals)
def formatannotation(annotation, base_module=None):
if getattr(annotation, '__module__', None) == 'typing':
def repl(match):
text = match.group()
return text.removeprefix('typing.')
return re.sub(r'[\w\.]+', repl, repr(annotation))
if isinstance(annotation, types.GenericAlias):
return str(annotation)
if isinstance(annotation, type):
if annotation.__module__ in ('builtins', base_module):
return annotation.__qualname__
return annotation.__module__+'.'+annotation.__qualname__
return repr(annotation)
def formatannotationrelativeto(object):
module = getattr(object, '__module__', None)
def _formatannotation(annotation):
return formatannotation(annotation, module)
return _formatannotation
def formatargspec(args, varargs=None, varkw=None, defaults=None,
kwonlyargs=(), kwonlydefaults={}, annotations={},
formatarg=str,
formatvarargs=lambda name: '*' + name,
formatvarkw=lambda name: '**' + name,
formatvalue=lambda value: '=' + repr(value),
formatreturns=lambda text: ' -> ' + text,
formatannotation=formatannotation):
"""Format an argument spec from the values returned by getfullargspec.
The first seven arguments are (args, varargs, varkw, defaults,
kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations). The other five arguments
are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to
turn names and values into strings. The last argument is an optional
function to format the sequence of arguments.
Deprecated since Python 3.5: use the `signature` function and `Signature`
objects.
"""
from warnings import warn
warn("`formatargspec` is deprecated since Python 3.5. Use `signature` and "
"the `Signature` object directly",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2)
def formatargandannotation(arg):
result = formatarg(arg)
if arg in annotations:
result += ': ' + formatannotation(annotations[arg])
return result
specs = []
if defaults:
firstdefault = len(args) - len(defaults)
for i, arg in enumerate(args):
spec = formatargandannotation(arg)
if defaults and i >= firstdefault:
spec = spec + formatvalue(defaults[i - firstdefault])
specs.append(spec)
if varargs is not None:
specs.append(formatvarargs(formatargandannotation(varargs)))
else:
if kwonlyargs:
specs.append('*')
if kwonlyargs:
for kwonlyarg in kwonlyargs:
spec = formatargandannotation(kwonlyarg)
if kwonlydefaults and kwonlyarg in kwonlydefaults:
spec += formatvalue(kwonlydefaults[kwonlyarg])
specs.append(spec)
if varkw is not None:
specs.append(formatvarkw(formatargandannotation(varkw)))
result = '(' + ', '.join(specs) + ')'
if 'return' in annotations:
result += formatreturns(formatannotation(annotations['return']))
return result
def formatargvalues(args, varargs, varkw, locals,
formatarg=str,
formatvarargs=lambda name: '*' + name,
formatvarkw=lambda name: '**' + name,
formatvalue=lambda value: '=' + repr(value)):
"""Format an argument spec from the 4 values returned by getargvalues.
The first four arguments are (args, varargs, varkw, locals). The
next four arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions
that are called to turn names and values into strings. The ninth
argument is an optional function to format the sequence of arguments."""
def convert(name, locals=locals,
formatarg=formatarg, formatvalue=formatvalue):
return formatarg(name) + formatvalue(locals[name])
specs = []
for i in range(len(args)):
specs.append(convert(args[i]))
if varargs:
specs.append(formatvarargs(varargs) + formatvalue(locals[varargs]))
if varkw:
specs.append(formatvarkw(varkw) + formatvalue(locals[varkw]))
return '(' + ', '.join(specs) + ')'
def _missing_arguments(f_name, argnames, pos, values):
names = [repr(name) for name in argnames if name not in values]
missing = len(names)
if missing == 1:
s = names[0]
elif missing == 2:
s = "{} and {}".format(*names)
else:
tail = ", {} and {}".format(*names[-2:])
del names[-2:]
s = ", ".join(names) + tail
raise TypeError("%s() missing %i required %s argument%s: %s" %
(f_name, missing,
"positional" if pos else "keyword-only",
"" if missing == 1 else "s", s))
def _too_many(f_name, args, kwonly, varargs, defcount, given, values):
atleast = len(args) - defcount
kwonly_given = len([arg for arg in kwonly if arg in values])
if varargs:
plural = atleast != 1
sig = "at least %d" % (atleast,)
elif defcount:
plural = True
sig = "from %d to %d" % (atleast, len(args))
else:
plural = len(args) != 1
sig = str(len(args))
kwonly_sig = ""
if kwonly_given:
msg = " positional argument%s (and %d keyword-only argument%s)"
kwonly_sig = (msg % ("s" if given != 1 else "", kwonly_given,
"s" if kwonly_given != 1 else ""))
raise TypeError("%s() takes %s positional argument%s but %d%s %s given" %
(f_name, sig, "s" if plural else "", given, kwonly_sig,
"was" if given == 1 and not kwonly_given else "were"))
def getcallargs(func, /, *positional, **named):
"""Get the mapping of arguments to values.
A dict is returned, with keys the function argument names (including the
names of the * and ** arguments, if any), and values the respective bound
values from 'positional' and 'named'."""
spec = getfullargspec(func)
args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, ann = spec
f_name = func.__name__
arg2value = {}
if ismethod(func) and func.__self__ is not None:
# implicit 'self' (or 'cls' for classmethods) argument
positional = (func.__self__,) + positional
num_pos = len(positional)
num_args = len(args)
num_defaults = len(defaults) if defaults else 0
n = min(num_pos, num_args)
for i in range(n):
arg2value[args[i]] = positional[i]
if varargs:
arg2value[varargs] = tuple(positional[n:])
possible_kwargs = set(args + kwonlyargs)
if varkw:
arg2value[varkw] = {}
for kw, value in named.items():
if kw not in possible_kwargs:
if not varkw:
raise TypeError("%s() got an unexpected keyword argument %r" %
(f_name, kw))
arg2value[varkw][kw] = value
continue
if kw in arg2value:
raise TypeError("%s() got multiple values for argument %r" %
(f_name, kw))
arg2value[kw] = value
if num_pos > num_args and not varargs:
_too_many(f_name, args, kwonlyargs, varargs, num_defaults,
num_pos, arg2value)
if num_pos < num_args:
req = args[:num_args - num_defaults]
for arg in req:
if arg not in arg2value:
_missing_arguments(f_name, req, True, arg2value)
for i, arg in enumerate(args[num_args - num_defaults:]):
if arg not in arg2value:
arg2value[arg] = defaults[i]
missing = 0
for kwarg in kwonlyargs:
if kwarg not in arg2value:
if kwonlydefaults and kwarg in kwonlydefaults:
arg2value[kwarg] = kwonlydefaults[kwarg]
else:
missing += 1
if missing:
_missing_arguments(f_name, kwonlyargs, False, arg2value)
return arg2value
ClosureVars = namedtuple('ClosureVars', 'nonlocals globals builtins unbound')
def getclosurevars(func):
"""
Get the mapping of free variables to their current values.
Returns a named tuple of dicts mapping the current nonlocal, global
and builtin references as seen by the body of the function. A final
set of unbound names that could not be resolved is also provided.
"""
if ismethod(func):
func = func.__func__
if not isfunction(func):
raise TypeError("{!r} is not a Python function".format(func))
code = func.__code__
# Nonlocal references are named in co_freevars and resolved
# by looking them up in __closure__ by positional index
if func.__closure__ is None:
nonlocal_vars = {}
else:
nonlocal_vars = {
var : cell.cell_contents
for var, cell in zip(code.co_freevars, func.__closure__)
}
# Global and builtin references are named in co_names and resolved
# by looking them up in __globals__ or __builtins__
global_ns = func.__globals__
builtin_ns = global_ns.get("__builtins__", builtins.__dict__)
if ismodule(builtin_ns):
builtin_ns = builtin_ns.__dict__
global_vars = {}
builtin_vars = {}
unbound_names = set()
for name in code.co_names:
if name in ("None", "True", "False"):
# Because these used to be builtins instead of keywords, they
# may still show up as name references. We ignore them.
continue
try:
global_vars[name] = global_ns[name]
except KeyError:
try:
builtin_vars[name] = builtin_ns[name]
except KeyError:
unbound_names.add(name)
return ClosureVars(nonlocal_vars, global_vars,
builtin_vars, unbound_names)
# -------------------------------------------------- stack frame extraction
Traceback = namedtuple('Traceback', 'filename lineno function code_context index')
def getframeinfo(frame, context=1):
"""Get information about a frame or traceback object.
A tuple of five things is returned: the filename, the line number of
the current line, the function name, a list of lines of context from
the source code, and the index of the current line within that list.
The optional second argument specifies the number of lines of context
to return, which are centered around the current line."""
if istraceback(frame):
lineno = frame.tb_lineno
frame = frame.tb_frame
else:
lineno = frame.f_lineno
if not isframe(frame):
raise TypeError('{!r} is not a frame or traceback object'.format(frame))
filename = getsourcefile(frame) or getfile(frame)
if context > 0:
start = lineno - 1 - context//2
try:
lines, lnum = findsource(frame)
except OSError:
lines = index = None
else:
start = max(0, min(start, len(lines) - context))
lines = lines[start:start+context]
index = lineno - 1 - start
else:
lines = index = None
return Traceback(filename, lineno, frame.f_code.co_name, lines, index)
def getlineno(frame):
"""Get the line number from a frame object, allowing for optimization."""
# FrameType.f_lineno is now a descriptor that grovels co_lnotab
return frame.f_lineno
FrameInfo = namedtuple('FrameInfo', ('frame',) + Traceback._fields)
def getouterframes(frame, context=1):
"""Get a list of records for a frame and all higher (calling) frames.
Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context."""
framelist = []
while frame:
frameinfo = (frame,) + getframeinfo(frame, context)
framelist.append(FrameInfo(*frameinfo))
frame = frame.f_back
return framelist
def getinnerframes(tb, context=1):
"""Get a list of records for a traceback's frame and all lower frames.
Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context."""
framelist = []
while tb:
frameinfo = (tb.tb_frame,) + getframeinfo(tb, context)
framelist.append(FrameInfo(*frameinfo))
tb = tb.tb_next
return framelist
def currentframe():
"""Return the frame of the caller or None if this is not possible."""
return sys._getframe(1) if hasattr(sys, "_getframe") else None
def stack(context=1):
"""Return a list of records for the stack above the caller's frame."""
return getouterframes(sys._getframe(1), context)
def trace(context=1):
"""Return a list of records for the stack below the current exception."""
return getinnerframes(sys.exc_info()[2], context)
# ------------------------------------------------ static version of getattr
_sentinel = object()
def _static_getmro(klass):
return type.__dict__['__mro__'].__get__(klass)
def _check_instance(obj, attr):
instance_dict = {}
try:
instance_dict = object.__getattribute__(obj, "__dict__")
except AttributeError:
pass
return dict.get(instance_dict, attr, _sentinel)
def _check_class(klass, attr):
for entry in _static_getmro(klass):
if _shadowed_dict(type(entry)) is _sentinel:
try:
return entry.__dict__[attr]
except KeyError:
pass
return _sentinel
def _is_type(obj):
try:
_static_getmro(obj)
except TypeError:
return False
return True
def _shadowed_dict(klass):
dict_attr = type.__dict__["__dict__"]
for entry in _static_getmro(klass):
try:
class_dict = dict_attr.__get__(entry)["__dict__"]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
if not (type(class_dict) is types.GetSetDescriptorType and
class_dict.__name__ == "__dict__" and
class_dict.__objclass__ is entry):
return class_dict
return _sentinel
def getattr_static(obj, attr, default=_sentinel):
"""Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the
descriptor protocol, __getattr__ or __getattribute__.
Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes
that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes)
and may find attributes that getattr can't (like descriptors
that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptor objects
instead of instance members in some cases. See the
documentation for details.
"""
instance_result = _sentinel
if not _is_type(obj):
klass = type(obj)
dict_attr = _shadowed_dict(klass)
if (dict_attr is _sentinel or
type(dict_attr) is types.MemberDescriptorType):
instance_result = _check_instance(obj, attr)
else:
klass = obj
klass_result = _check_class(klass, attr)
if instance_result is not _sentinel and klass_result is not _sentinel:
if (_check_class(type(klass_result), '__get__') is not _sentinel and
_check_class(type(klass_result), '__set__') is not _sentinel):
return klass_result
if instance_result is not _sentinel:
return instance_result
if klass_result is not _sentinel:
return klass_result
if obj is klass:
# for types we check the metaclass too
for entry in _static_getmro(type(klass)):
if _shadowed_dict(type(entry)) is _sentinel:
try:
return entry.__dict__[attr]
except KeyError:
pass
if default is not _sentinel:
return default
raise AttributeError(attr)
# ------------------------------------------------ generator introspection
GEN_CREATED = 'GEN_CREATED'
GEN_RUNNING = 'GEN_RUNNING'
GEN_SUSPENDED = 'GEN_SUSPENDED'
GEN_CLOSED = 'GEN_CLOSED'
def getgeneratorstate(generator):
"""Get current state of a generator-iterator.
Possible states are:
GEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
GEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
GEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.
GEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
"""
if generator.gi_running:
return GEN_RUNNING
if generator.gi_frame is None:
return GEN_CLOSED
if generator.gi_frame.f_lasti == -1:
return GEN_CREATED
return GEN_SUSPENDED
def getgeneratorlocals(generator):
"""
Get the mapping of generator local variables to their current values.
A dict is returned, with the keys the local variable names and values the
bound values."""
if not isgenerator(generator):
raise TypeError("{!r} is not a Python generator".format(generator))
frame = getattr(generator, "gi_frame", None)
if frame is not None:
return generator.gi_frame.f_locals
else:
return {}
# ------------------------------------------------ coroutine introspection
CORO_CREATED = 'CORO_CREATED'
CORO_RUNNING = 'CORO_RUNNING'
CORO_SUSPENDED = 'CORO_SUSPENDED'
CORO_CLOSED = 'CORO_CLOSED'
def getcoroutinestate(coroutine):
"""Get current state of a coroutine object.
Possible states are:
CORO_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
CORO_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
CORO_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at an await expression.
CORO_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
"""
if coroutine.cr_running:
return CORO_RUNNING
if coroutine.cr_frame is None:
return CORO_CLOSED
if coroutine.cr_frame.f_lasti == -1:
return CORO_CREATED
return CORO_SUSPENDED
def getcoroutinelocals(coroutine):
"""
Get the mapping of coroutine local variables to their current values.
A dict is returned, with the keys the local variable names and values the
bound values."""
frame = getattr(coroutine, "cr_frame", None)
if frame is not None:
return frame.f_locals
else:
return {}
###############################################################################
### Function Signature Object (PEP 362)
###############################################################################
_WrapperDescriptor = type(type.__call__)
_MethodWrapper = type(all.__call__)
_ClassMethodWrapper = type(int.__dict__['from_bytes'])
_NonUserDefinedCallables = (_WrapperDescriptor,
_MethodWrapper,
_ClassMethodWrapper,
types.BuiltinFunctionType)
def _signature_get_user_defined_method(cls, method_name):
"""Private helper. Checks if ``cls`` has an attribute
named ``method_name`` and returns it only if it is a
pure python function.
"""
try:
meth = getattr(cls, method_name)
except AttributeError:
return
else:
if not isinstance(meth, _NonUserDefinedCallables):
# Once '__signature__' will be added to 'C'-level
# callables, this check won't be necessary
return meth
def _signature_get_partial(wrapped_sig, partial, extra_args=()):
"""Private helper to calculate how 'wrapped_sig' signature will
look like after applying a 'functools.partial' object (or alike)
on it.
"""
old_params = wrapped_sig.parameters
new_params = OrderedDict(old_params.items())
partial_args = partial.args or ()
partial_keywords = partial.keywords or {}
if extra_args:
partial_args = extra_args + partial_args
try:
ba = wrapped_sig.bind_partial(*partial_args, **partial_keywords)
except TypeError as ex:
msg = 'partial object {!r} has incorrect arguments'.format(partial)
raise ValueError(msg) from ex
transform_to_kwonly = False
for param_name, param in old_params.items():
try:
arg_value = ba.arguments[param_name]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
if param.kind is _POSITIONAL_ONLY:
# If positional-only parameter is bound by partial,
# it effectively disappears from the signature
new_params.pop(param_name)
continue
if param.kind is _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
if param_name in partial_keywords:
# This means that this parameter, and all parameters
# after it should be keyword-only (and var-positional
# should be removed). Here's why. Consider the following
# function:
# foo(a, b, *args, c):
# pass
#
# "partial(foo, a='spam')" will have the following
# signature: "(*, a='spam', b, c)". Because attempting
# to call that partial with "(10, 20)" arguments will
# raise a TypeError, saying that "a" argument received
# multiple values.
transform_to_kwonly = True
# Set the new default value
new_params[param_name] = param.replace(default=arg_value)
else:
# was passed as a positional argument
new_params.pop(param.name)
continue
if param.kind is _KEYWORD_ONLY:
# Set the new default value
new_params[param_name] = param.replace(default=arg_value)
if transform_to_kwonly:
assert param.kind is not _POSITIONAL_ONLY
if param.kind is _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
new_param = new_params[param_name].replace(kind=_KEYWORD_ONLY)
new_params[param_name] = new_param
new_params.move_to_end(param_name)
elif param.kind in (_KEYWORD_ONLY, _VAR_KEYWORD):
new_params.move_to_end(param_name)
elif param.kind is _VAR_POSITIONAL:
new_params.pop(param.name)
return wrapped_sig.replace(parameters=new_params.values())
def _signature_bound_method(sig):
"""Private helper to transform signatures for unbound
functions to bound methods.
"""
params = tuple(sig.parameters.values())
if not params or params[0].kind in (_VAR_KEYWORD, _KEYWORD_ONLY):
raise ValueError('invalid method signature')
kind = params[0].kind
if kind in (_POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, _POSITIONAL_ONLY):
# Drop first parameter:
# '(p1, p2[, ...])' -> '(p2[, ...])'
params = params[1:]
else:
if kind is not _VAR_POSITIONAL:
# Unless we add a new parameter type we never
# get here
raise ValueError('invalid argument type')
# It's a var-positional parameter.
# Do nothing. '(*args[, ...])' -> '(*args[, ...])'
return sig.replace(parameters=params)
def _signature_is_builtin(obj):
"""Private helper to test if `obj` is a callable that might
support Argument Clinic's __text_signature__ protocol.
"""
return (isbuiltin(obj) or
ismethoddescriptor(obj) or
isinstance(obj, _NonUserDefinedCallables) or
# Can't test 'isinstance(type)' here, as it would
# also be True for regular python classes
obj in (type, object))
def _signature_is_functionlike(obj):
"""Private helper to test if `obj` is a duck type of FunctionType.
A good example of such objects are functions compiled with
Cython, which have all attributes that a pure Python function
would have, but have their code statically compiled.
"""
if not callable(obj) or isclass(obj):
# All function-like objects are obviously callables,
# and not classes.
return False
name = getattr(obj, '__name__', None)
code = getattr(obj, '__code__', None)
defaults = getattr(obj, '__defaults__', _void) # Important to use _void ...
kwdefaults = getattr(obj, '__kwdefaults__', _void) # ... and not None here
annotations = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)
return (isinstance(code, types.CodeType) and
isinstance(name, str) and
(defaults is None or isinstance(defaults, tuple)) and
(kwdefaults is None or isinstance(kwdefaults, dict)) and
(isinstance(annotations, (dict)) or annotations is None) )
def _signature_get_bound_param(spec):
""" Private helper to get first parameter name from a
__text_signature__ of a builtin method, which should
be in the following format: '($param1, ...)'.
Assumptions are that the first argument won't have
a default value or an annotation.
"""
assert spec.startswith('($')
pos = spec.find(',')
if pos == -1:
pos = spec.find(')')
cpos = spec.find(':')
assert cpos == -1 or cpos > pos
cpos = spec.find('=')
assert cpos == -1 or cpos > pos
return spec[2:pos]
def _signature_strip_non_python_syntax(signature):
"""
Private helper function. Takes a signature in Argument Clinic's
extended signature format.
Returns a tuple of three things:
* that signature re-rendered in standard Python syntax,
* the index of the "self" parameter (generally 0), or None if
the function does not have a "self" parameter, and
* the index of the last "positional only" parameter,
or None if the signature has no positional-only parameters.
"""
if not signature:
return signature, None, None
self_parameter = None
last_positional_only = None
lines = [l.encode('ascii') for l in signature.split('\n') if l]
generator = iter(lines).__next__
token_stream = tokenize.tokenize(generator)
delayed_comma = False
skip_next_comma = False
text = []
add = text.append
current_parameter = 0
OP = token.OP
ERRORTOKEN = token.ERRORTOKEN
# token stream always starts with ENCODING token, skip it
t = next(token_stream)
assert t.type == tokenize.ENCODING
for t in token_stream:
type, string = t.type, t.string
if type == OP:
if string == ',':
if skip_next_comma:
skip_next_comma = False
else:
assert not delayed_comma
delayed_comma = True
current_parameter += 1
continue
if string == '/':
assert not skip_next_comma
assert last_positional_only is None
skip_next_comma = True
last_positional_only = current_parameter - 1
continue
if (type == ERRORTOKEN) and (string == '$'):
assert self_parameter is None
self_parameter = current_parameter
continue
if delayed_comma:
delayed_comma = False
if not ((type == OP) and (string == ')')):
add(', ')
add(string)
if (string == ','):
add(' ')
clean_signature = ''.join(text)
return clean_signature, self_parameter, last_positional_only
def _signature_fromstr(cls, obj, s, skip_bound_arg=True):
"""Private helper to parse content of '__text_signature__'
and return a Signature based on it.
"""
# Lazy import ast because it's relatively heavy and
# it's not used for other than this function.
import ast
Parameter = cls._parameter_cls
clean_signature, self_parameter, last_positional_only = \
_signature_strip_non_python_syntax(s)
program = "def foo" + clean_signature + ": pass"
try:
module = ast.parse(program)
except SyntaxError:
module = None
if not isinstance(module, ast.Module):
raise ValueError("{!r} builtin has invalid signature".format(obj))
f = module.body[0]
parameters = []
empty = Parameter.empty
module = None
module_dict = {}
module_name = getattr(obj, '__module__', None)
if module_name:
module = sys.modules.get(module_name, None)
if module:
module_dict = module.__dict__
sys_module_dict = sys.modules.copy()
def parse_name(node):
assert isinstance(node, ast.arg)
if node.annotation is not None:
raise ValueError("Annotations are not currently supported")
return node.arg
def wrap_value(s):
try:
value = eval(s, module_dict)
except NameError:
try:
value = eval(s, sys_module_dict)
except NameError:
raise ValueError
if isinstance(value, (str, int, float, bytes, bool, type(None))):
return ast.Constant(value)
raise ValueError
class RewriteSymbolics(ast.NodeTransformer):
def visit_Attribute(self, node):
a = []
n = node
while isinstance(n, ast.Attribute):
a.append(n.attr)
n = n.value
if not isinstance(n, ast.Name):
raise ValueError
a.append(n.id)
value = ".".join(reversed(a))
return wrap_value(value)
def visit_Name(self, node):
if not isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Load):
raise ValueError()
return wrap_value(node.id)
def visit_BinOp(self, node):
# Support constant folding of a couple simple binary operations
# commonly used to define default values in text signatures
left = self.visit(node.left)
right = self.visit(node.right)
if not isinstance(left, ast.Constant) or not isinstance(right, ast.Constant):
raise ValueError
if isinstance(node.op, ast.Add):
return ast.Constant(left.value + right.value)
elif isinstance(node.op, ast.Sub):
return ast.Constant(left.value - right.value)
elif isinstance(node.op, ast.BitOr):
return ast.Constant(left.value | right.value)
raise ValueError
def p(name_node, default_node, default=empty):
name = parse_name(name_node)
if default_node and default_node is not _empty:
try:
default_node = RewriteSymbolics().visit(default_node)
default = ast.literal_eval(default_node)
except ValueError:
raise ValueError("{!r} builtin has invalid signature".format(obj)) from None
parameters.append(Parameter(name, kind, default=default, annotation=empty))
# non-keyword-only parameters
args = reversed(f.args.args)
defaults = reversed(f.args.defaults)
iter = itertools.zip_longest(args, defaults, fillvalue=None)
if last_positional_only is not None:
kind = Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
else:
kind = Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
for i, (name, default) in enumerate(reversed(list(iter))):
p(name, default)
if i == last_positional_only:
kind = Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
# *args
if f.args.vararg:
kind = Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL
p(f.args.vararg, empty)
# keyword-only arguments
kind = Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY
for name, default in zip(f.args.kwonlyargs, f.args.kw_defaults):
p(name, default)
# **kwargs
if f.args.kwarg:
kind = Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD
p(f.args.kwarg, empty)
if self_parameter is not None:
# Possibly strip the bound argument:
# - We *always* strip first bound argument if
# it is a module.
# - We don't strip first bound argument if
# skip_bound_arg is False.
assert parameters
_self = getattr(obj, '__self__', None)
self_isbound = _self is not None
self_ismodule = ismodule(_self)
if self_isbound and (self_ismodule or skip_bound_arg):
parameters.pop(0)
else:
# for builtins, self parameter is always positional-only!
p = parameters[0].replace(kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
parameters[0] = p
return cls(parameters, return_annotation=cls.empty)
def _signature_from_builtin(cls, func, skip_bound_arg=True):
"""Private helper function to get signature for
builtin callables.
"""
if not _signature_is_builtin(func):
raise TypeError("{!r} is not a Python builtin "
"function".format(func))
s = getattr(func, "__text_signature__", None)
if not s:
raise ValueError("no signature found for builtin {!r}".format(func))
return _signature_fromstr(cls, func, s, skip_bound_arg)
def _signature_from_function(cls, func, skip_bound_arg=True,
globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False):
"""Private helper: constructs Signature for the given python function."""
is_duck_function = False
if not isfunction(func):
if _signature_is_functionlike(func):
is_duck_function = True
else:
# If it's not a pure Python function, and not a duck type
# of pure function:
raise TypeError('{!r} is not a Python function'.format(func))
s = getattr(func, "__text_signature__", None)
if s:
return _signature_fromstr(cls, func, s, skip_bound_arg)
Parameter = cls._parameter_cls
# Parameter information.
func_code = func.__code__
pos_count = func_code.co_argcount
arg_names = func_code.co_varnames
posonly_count = func_code.co_posonlyargcount
positional = arg_names[:pos_count]
keyword_only_count = func_code.co_kwonlyargcount
keyword_only = arg_names[pos_count:pos_count + keyword_only_count]
annotations = get_annotations(func, globals=globals, locals=locals, eval_str=eval_str)
defaults = func.__defaults__
kwdefaults = func.__kwdefaults__
if defaults:
pos_default_count = len(defaults)
else:
pos_default_count = 0
parameters = []
non_default_count = pos_count - pos_default_count
posonly_left = posonly_count
# Non-keyword-only parameters w/o defaults.
for name in positional[:non_default_count]:
kind = _POSITIONAL_ONLY if posonly_left else _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
annotation = annotations.get(name, _empty)
parameters.append(Parameter(name, annotation=annotation,
kind=kind))
if posonly_left:
posonly_left -= 1
# ... w/ defaults.
for offset, name in enumerate(positional[non_default_count:]):
kind = _POSITIONAL_ONLY if posonly_left else _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
annotation = annotations.get(name, _empty)
parameters.append(Parameter(name, annotation=annotation,
kind=kind,
default=defaults[offset]))
if posonly_left:
posonly_left -= 1
# *args
if func_code.co_flags & CO_VARARGS:
name = arg_names[pos_count + keyword_only_count]
annotation = annotations.get(name, _empty)
parameters.append(Parameter(name, annotation=annotation,
kind=_VAR_POSITIONAL))
# Keyword-only parameters.
for name in keyword_only:
default = _empty
if kwdefaults is not None:
default = kwdefaults.get(name, _empty)
annotation = annotations.get(name, _empty)
parameters.append(Parameter(name, annotation=annotation,
kind=_KEYWORD_ONLY,
default=default))
# **kwargs
if func_code.co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS:
index = pos_count + keyword_only_count
if func_code.co_flags & CO_VARARGS:
index += 1
name = arg_names[index]
annotation = annotations.get(name, _empty)
parameters.append(Parameter(name, annotation=annotation,
kind=_VAR_KEYWORD))
# Is 'func' is a pure Python function - don't validate the
# parameters list (for correct order and defaults), it should be OK.
return cls(parameters,
return_annotation=annotations.get('return', _empty),
__validate_parameters__=is_duck_function)
def _signature_from_callable(obj, *,
follow_wrapper_chains=True,
skip_bound_arg=True,
globals=None,
locals=None,
eval_str=False,
sigcls):
"""Private helper function to get signature for arbitrary
callable objects.
"""
_get_signature_of = functools.partial(_signature_from_callable,
follow_wrapper_chains=follow_wrapper_chains,
skip_bound_arg=skip_bound_arg,
globals=globals,
locals=locals,
sigcls=sigcls,
eval_str=eval_str)
if not callable(obj):
raise TypeError('{!r} is not a callable object'.format(obj))
if isinstance(obj, types.MethodType):
# In this case we skip the first parameter of the underlying
# function (usually `self` or `cls`).
sig = _get_signature_of(obj.__func__)
if skip_bound_arg:
return _signature_bound_method(sig)
else:
return sig
# Was this function wrapped by a decorator?
if follow_wrapper_chains:
# Unwrap until we find an explicit signature or a MethodType (which will be
# handled explicitly below).
obj = unwrap(obj, stop=(lambda f: hasattr(f, "__signature__")
or isinstance(f, types.MethodType)))
if isinstance(obj, types.MethodType):
# If the unwrapped object is a *method*, we might want to
# skip its first parameter (self).
# See test_signature_wrapped_bound_method for details.
return _get_signature_of(obj)
try:
sig = obj.__signature__
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
if sig is not None:
if not isinstance(sig, Signature):
raise TypeError(
'unexpected object {!r} in __signature__ '
'attribute'.format(sig))
return sig
try:
partialmethod = obj._partialmethod
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
if isinstance(partialmethod, functools.partialmethod):
# Unbound partialmethod (see functools.partialmethod)
# This means, that we need to calculate the signature
# as if it's a regular partial object, but taking into
# account that the first positional argument
# (usually `self`, or `cls`) will not be passed
# automatically (as for boundmethods)
wrapped_sig = _get_signature_of(partialmethod.func)
sig = _signature_get_partial(wrapped_sig, partialmethod, (None,))
first_wrapped_param = tuple(wrapped_sig.parameters.values())[0]
if first_wrapped_param.kind is Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
# First argument of the wrapped callable is `*args`, as in
# `partialmethod(lambda *args)`.
return sig
else:
sig_params = tuple(sig.parameters.values())
assert (not sig_params or
first_wrapped_param is not sig_params[0])
new_params = (first_wrapped_param,) + sig_params
return sig.replace(parameters=new_params)
if isfunction(obj) or _signature_is_functionlike(obj):
# If it's a pure Python function, or an object that is duck type
# of a Python function (Cython functions, for instance), then:
return _signature_from_function(sigcls, obj,
skip_bound_arg=skip_bound_arg,
globals=globals, locals=locals, eval_str=eval_str)
if _signature_is_builtin(obj):
return _signature_from_builtin(sigcls, obj,
skip_bound_arg=skip_bound_arg)
if isinstance(obj, functools.partial):
wrapped_sig = _get_signature_of(obj.func)
return _signature_get_partial(wrapped_sig, obj)
sig = None
if isinstance(obj, type):
# obj is a class or a metaclass
# First, let's see if it has an overloaded __call__ defined
# in its metaclass
call = _signature_get_user_defined_method(type(obj), '__call__')
if call is not None:
sig = _get_signature_of(call)
else:
factory_method = None
new = _signature_get_user_defined_method(obj, '__new__')
init = _signature_get_user_defined_method(obj, '__init__')
# Now we check if the 'obj' class has an own '__new__' method
if '__new__' in obj.__dict__:
factory_method = new
# or an own '__init__' method
elif '__init__' in obj.__dict__:
factory_method = init
# If not, we take inherited '__new__' or '__init__', if present
elif new is not None:
factory_method = new
elif init is not None:
factory_method = init
if factory_method is not None:
sig = _get_signature_of(factory_method)
if sig is None:
# At this point we know, that `obj` is a class, with no user-
# defined '__init__', '__new__', or class-level '__call__'
for base in obj.__mro__[:-1]:
# Since '__text_signature__' is implemented as a
# descriptor that extracts text signature from the
# class docstring, if 'obj' is derived from a builtin
# class, its own '__text_signature__' may be 'None'.
# Therefore, we go through the MRO (except the last
# class in there, which is 'object') to find the first
# class with non-empty text signature.
try:
text_sig = base.__text_signature__
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
if text_sig:
# If 'base' class has a __text_signature__ attribute:
# return a signature based on it
return _signature_fromstr(sigcls, base, text_sig)
# No '__text_signature__' was found for the 'obj' class.
# Last option is to check if its '__init__' is
# object.__init__ or type.__init__.
if type not in obj.__mro__:
# We have a class (not metaclass), but no user-defined
# __init__ or __new__ for it
if (obj.__init__ is object.__init__ and
obj.__new__ is object.__new__):
# Return a signature of 'object' builtin.
return sigcls.from_callable(object)
else:
raise ValueError(
'no signature found for builtin type {!r}'.format(obj))
elif not isinstance(obj, _NonUserDefinedCallables):
# An object with __call__
# We also check that the 'obj' is not an instance of
# _WrapperDescriptor or _MethodWrapper to avoid
# infinite recursion (and even potential segfault)
call = _signature_get_user_defined_method(type(obj), '__call__')
if call is not None:
try:
sig = _get_signature_of(call)
except ValueError as ex:
msg = 'no signature found for {!r}'.format(obj)
raise ValueError(msg) from ex
if sig is not None:
# For classes and objects we skip the first parameter of their
# __call__, __new__, or __init__ methods
if skip_bound_arg:
return _signature_bound_method(sig)
else:
return sig
if isinstance(obj, types.BuiltinFunctionType):
# Raise a nicer error message for builtins
msg = 'no signature found for builtin function {!r}'.format(obj)
raise ValueError(msg)
raise ValueError('callable {!r} is not supported by signature'.format(obj))
class _void:
"""A private marker - used in Parameter & Signature."""
class _empty:
"""Marker object for Signature.empty and Parameter.empty."""
class _ParameterKind(enum.IntEnum):
POSITIONAL_ONLY = 0
POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD = 1
VAR_POSITIONAL = 2
KEYWORD_ONLY = 3
VAR_KEYWORD = 4
def __str__(self):
return self._name_
@property
def description(self):
return _PARAM_NAME_MAPPING[self]
_POSITIONAL_ONLY = _ParameterKind.POSITIONAL_ONLY
_POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD = _ParameterKind.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
_VAR_POSITIONAL = _ParameterKind.VAR_POSITIONAL
_KEYWORD_ONLY = _ParameterKind.KEYWORD_ONLY
_VAR_KEYWORD = _ParameterKind.VAR_KEYWORD
_PARAM_NAME_MAPPING = {
_POSITIONAL_ONLY: 'positional-only',
_POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD: 'positional or keyword',
_VAR_POSITIONAL: 'variadic positional',
_KEYWORD_ONLY: 'keyword-only',
_VAR_KEYWORD: 'variadic keyword'
}
class Parameter:
"""Represents a parameter in a function signature.
Has the following public attributes:
* name : str
The name of the parameter as a string.
* default : object
The default value for the parameter if specified. If the
parameter has no default value, this attribute is set to
`Parameter.empty`.
* annotation
The annotation for the parameter if specified. If the
parameter has no annotation, this attribute is set to
`Parameter.empty`.
* kind : str
Describes how argument values are bound to the parameter.
Possible values: `Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY`,
`Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD`, `Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL`,
`Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY`, `Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD`.
"""
__slots__ = ('_name', '_kind', '_default', '_annotation')
POSITIONAL_ONLY = _POSITIONAL_ONLY
POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD = _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
VAR_POSITIONAL = _VAR_POSITIONAL
KEYWORD_ONLY = _KEYWORD_ONLY
VAR_KEYWORD = _VAR_KEYWORD
empty = _empty
def __init__(self, name, kind, *, default=_empty, annotation=_empty):
try:
self._kind = _ParameterKind(kind)
except ValueError:
raise ValueError(f'value {kind!r} is not a valid Parameter.kind')
if default is not _empty:
if self._kind in (_VAR_POSITIONAL, _VAR_KEYWORD):
msg = '{} parameters cannot have default values'
msg = msg.format(self._kind.description)
raise ValueError(msg)
self._default = default
self._annotation = annotation
if name is _empty:
raise ValueError('name is a required attribute for Parameter')
if not isinstance(name, str):
msg = 'name must be a str, not a {}'.format(type(name).__name__)
raise TypeError(msg)
if name[0] == '.' and name[1:].isdigit():
# These are implicit arguments generated by comprehensions. In
# order to provide a friendlier interface to users, we recast
# their name as "implicitN" and treat them as positional-only.
# See issue 19611.
if self._kind != _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
msg = (
'implicit arguments must be passed as '
'positional or keyword arguments, not {}'
)
msg = msg.format(self._kind.description)
raise ValueError(msg)
self._kind = _POSITIONAL_ONLY
name = 'implicit{}'.format(name[1:])
if not name.isidentifier():
raise ValueError('{!r} is not a valid parameter name'.format(name))
self._name = name
def __reduce__(self):
return (type(self),
(self._name, self._kind),
{'_default': self._default,
'_annotation': self._annotation})
def __setstate__(self, state):
self._default = state['_default']
self._annotation = state['_annotation']
@property
def name(self):
return self._name
@property
def default(self):
return self._default
@property
def annotation(self):
return self._annotation
@property
def kind(self):
return self._kind
def replace(self, *, name=_void, kind=_void,
annotation=_void, default=_void):
"""Creates a customized copy of the Parameter."""
if name is _void:
name = self._name
if kind is _void:
kind = self._kind
if annotation is _void:
annotation = self._annotation
if default is _void:
default = self._default
return type(self)(name, kind, default=default, annotation=annotation)
def __str__(self):
kind = self.kind
formatted = self._name
# Add annotation and default value
if self._annotation is not _empty:
formatted = '{}: {}'.format(formatted,
formatannotation(self._annotation))
if self._default is not _empty:
if self._annotation is not _empty:
formatted = '{} = {}'.format(formatted, repr(self._default))
else:
formatted = '{}={}'.format(formatted, repr(self._default))
if kind == _VAR_POSITIONAL:
formatted = '*' + formatted
elif kind == _VAR_KEYWORD:
formatted = '**' + formatted
return formatted
def __repr__(self):
return '<{} "{}">'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self)
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.name, self.kind, self.annotation, self.default))
def __eq__(self, other):
if self is other:
return True
if not isinstance(other, Parameter):
return NotImplemented
return (self._name == other._name and
self._kind == other._kind and
self._default == other._default and
self._annotation == other._annotation)
class BoundArguments:
"""Result of `Signature.bind` call. Holds the mapping of arguments
to the function's parameters.
Has the following public attributes:
* arguments : dict
An ordered mutable mapping of parameters' names to arguments' values.
Does not contain arguments' default values.
* signature : Signature
The Signature object that created this instance.
* args : tuple
Tuple of positional arguments values.
* kwargs : dict
Dict of keyword arguments values.
"""
__slots__ = ('arguments', '_signature', '__weakref__')
def __init__(self, signature, arguments):
self.arguments = arguments
self._signature = signature
@property
def signature(self):
return self._signature
@property
def args(self):
args = []
for param_name, param in self._signature.parameters.items():
if param.kind in (_VAR_KEYWORD, _KEYWORD_ONLY):
break
try:
arg = self.arguments[param_name]
except KeyError:
# We're done here. Other arguments
# will be mapped in 'BoundArguments.kwargs'
break
else:
if param.kind == _VAR_POSITIONAL:
# *args
args.extend(arg)
else:
# plain argument
args.append(arg)
return tuple(args)
@property
def kwargs(self):
kwargs = {}
kwargs_started = False
for param_name, param in self._signature.parameters.items():
if not kwargs_started:
if param.kind in (_VAR_KEYWORD, _KEYWORD_ONLY):
kwargs_started = True
else:
if param_name not in self.arguments:
kwargs_started = True
continue
if not kwargs_started:
continue
try:
arg = self.arguments[param_name]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
if param.kind == _VAR_KEYWORD:
# **kwargs
kwargs.update(arg)
else:
# plain keyword argument
kwargs[param_name] = arg
return kwargs
def apply_defaults(self):
"""Set default values for missing arguments.
For variable-positional arguments (*args) the default is an
empty tuple.
For variable-keyword arguments (**kwargs) the default is an
empty dict.
"""
arguments = self.arguments
new_arguments = []
for name, param in self._signature.parameters.items():
try:
new_arguments.append((name, arguments[name]))
except KeyError:
if param.default is not _empty:
val = param.default
elif param.kind is _VAR_POSITIONAL:
val = ()
elif param.kind is _VAR_KEYWORD:
val = {}
else:
# This BoundArguments was likely produced by
# Signature.bind_partial().
continue
new_arguments.append((name, val))
self.arguments = dict(new_arguments)
def __eq__(self, other):
if self is other:
return True
if not isinstance(other, BoundArguments):
return NotImplemented
return (self.signature == other.signature and
self.arguments == other.arguments)
def __setstate__(self, state):
self._signature = state['_signature']
self.arguments = state['arguments']
def __getstate__(self):
return {'_signature': self._signature, 'arguments': self.arguments}
def __repr__(self):
args = []
for arg, value in self.arguments.items():
args.append('{}={!r}'.format(arg, value))
return '<{} ({})>'.format(self.__class__.__name__, ', '.join(args))
class Signature:
"""A Signature object represents the overall signature of a function.
It stores a Parameter object for each parameter accepted by the
function, as well as information specific to the function itself.
A Signature object has the following public attributes and methods:
* parameters : OrderedDict
An ordered mapping of parameters' names to the corresponding
Parameter objects (keyword-only arguments are in the same order
as listed in `code.co_varnames`).
* return_annotation : object
The annotation for the return type of the function if specified.
If the function has no annotation for its return type, this
attribute is set to `Signature.empty`.
* bind(*args, **kwargs) -> BoundArguments
Creates a mapping from positional and keyword arguments to
parameters.
* bind_partial(*args, **kwargs) -> BoundArguments
Creates a partial mapping from positional and keyword arguments
to parameters (simulating 'functools.partial' behavior.)
"""
__slots__ = ('_return_annotation', '_parameters')
_parameter_cls = Parameter
_bound_arguments_cls = BoundArguments
empty = _empty
def __init__(self, parameters=None, *, return_annotation=_empty,
__validate_parameters__=True):
"""Constructs Signature from the given list of Parameter
objects and 'return_annotation'. All arguments are optional.
"""
if parameters is None:
params = OrderedDict()
else:
if __validate_parameters__:
params = OrderedDict()
top_kind = _POSITIONAL_ONLY
kind_defaults = False
for param in parameters:
kind = param.kind
name = param.name
if kind < top_kind:
msg = (
'wrong parameter order: {} parameter before {} '
'parameter'
)
msg = msg.format(top_kind.description,
kind.description)
raise ValueError(msg)
elif kind > top_kind:
kind_defaults = False
top_kind = kind
if kind in (_POSITIONAL_ONLY, _POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD):
if param.default is _empty:
if kind_defaults:
# No default for this parameter, but the
# previous parameter of the same kind had
# a default
msg = 'non-default argument follows default ' \
'argument'
raise ValueError(msg)
else:
# There is a default for this parameter.
kind_defaults = True
if name in params:
msg = 'duplicate parameter name: {!r}'.format(name)
raise ValueError(msg)
params[name] = param
else:
params = OrderedDict((param.name, param) for param in parameters)
self._parameters = types.MappingProxyType(params)
self._return_annotation = return_annotation
@classmethod
def from_function(cls, func):
"""Constructs Signature for the given python function.
Deprecated since Python 3.5, use `Signature.from_callable()`.
"""
warnings.warn("inspect.Signature.from_function() is deprecated since "
"Python 3.5, use Signature.from_callable()",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return _signature_from_function(cls, func)
@classmethod
def from_builtin(cls, func):
"""Constructs Signature for the given builtin function.
Deprecated since Python 3.5, use `Signature.from_callable()`.
"""
warnings.warn("inspect.Signature.from_builtin() is deprecated since "
"Python 3.5, use Signature.from_callable()",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return _signature_from_builtin(cls, func)
@classmethod
def from_callable(cls, obj, *,
follow_wrapped=True, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False):
"""Constructs Signature for the given callable object."""
return _signature_from_callable(obj, sigcls=cls,
follow_wrapper_chains=follow_wrapped,
globals=globals, locals=locals, eval_str=eval_str)
@property
def parameters(self):
return self._parameters
@property
def return_annotation(self):
return self._return_annotation
def replace(self, *, parameters=_void, return_annotation=_void):
"""Creates a customized copy of the Signature.
Pass 'parameters' and/or 'return_annotation' arguments
to override them in the new copy.
"""
if parameters is _void:
parameters = self.parameters.values()
if return_annotation is _void:
return_annotation = self._return_annotation
return type(self)(parameters,
return_annotation=return_annotation)
def _hash_basis(self):
params = tuple(param for param in self.parameters.values()
if param.kind != _KEYWORD_ONLY)
kwo_params = {param.name: param for param in self.parameters.values()
if param.kind == _KEYWORD_ONLY}
return params, kwo_params, self.return_annotation
def __hash__(self):
params, kwo_params, return_annotation = self._hash_basis()
kwo_params = frozenset(kwo_params.values())
return hash((params, kwo_params, return_annotation))
def __eq__(self, other):
if self is other:
return True
if not isinstance(other, Signature):
return NotImplemented
return self._hash_basis() == other._hash_basis()
def _bind(self, args, kwargs, *, partial=False):
"""Private method. Don't use directly."""
arguments = {}
parameters = iter(self.parameters.values())
parameters_ex = ()
arg_vals = iter(args)
while True:
# Let's iterate through the positional arguments and corresponding
# parameters
try:
arg_val = next(arg_vals)
except StopIteration:
# No more positional arguments
try:
param = next(parameters)
except StopIteration:
# No more parameters. That's it. Just need to check that
# we have no `kwargs` after this while loop
break
else:
if param.kind == _VAR_POSITIONAL:
# That's OK, just empty *args. Let's start parsing
# kwargs
break
elif param.name in kwargs:
if param.kind == _POSITIONAL_ONLY:
msg = '{arg!r} parameter is positional only, ' \
'but was passed as a keyword'
msg = msg.format(arg=param.name)
raise TypeError(msg) from None
parameters_ex = (param,)
break
elif (param.kind == _VAR_KEYWORD or
param.default is not _empty):
# That's fine too - we have a default value for this
# parameter. So, lets start parsing `kwargs`, starting
# with the current parameter
parameters_ex = (param,)
break
else:
# No default, not VAR_KEYWORD, not VAR_POSITIONAL,
# not in `kwargs`
if partial:
parameters_ex = (param,)
break
else:
msg = 'missing a required argument: {arg!r}'
msg = msg.format(arg=param.name)
raise TypeError(msg) from None
else:
# We have a positional argument to process
try:
param = next(parameters)
except StopIteration:
raise TypeError('too many positional arguments') from None
else:
if param.kind in (_VAR_KEYWORD, _KEYWORD_ONLY):
# Looks like we have no parameter for this positional
# argument
raise TypeError(
'too many positional arguments') from None
if param.kind == _VAR_POSITIONAL:
# We have an '*args'-like argument, let's fill it with
# all positional arguments we have left and move on to
# the next phase
values = [arg_val]
values.extend(arg_vals)
arguments[param.name] = tuple(values)
break
if param.name in kwargs and param.kind != _POSITIONAL_ONLY:
raise TypeError(
'multiple values for argument {arg!r}'.format(
arg=param.name)) from None
arguments[param.name] = arg_val
# Now, we iterate through the remaining parameters to process
# keyword arguments
kwargs_param = None
for param in itertools.chain(parameters_ex, parameters):
if param.kind == _VAR_KEYWORD:
# Memorize that we have a '**kwargs'-like parameter
kwargs_param = param
continue
if param.kind == _VAR_POSITIONAL:
# Named arguments don't refer to '*args'-like parameters.
# We only arrive here if the positional arguments ended
# before reaching the last parameter before *args.
continue
param_name = param.name
try:
arg_val = kwargs.pop(param_name)
except KeyError:
# We have no value for this parameter. It's fine though,
# if it has a default value, or it is an '*args'-like
# parameter, left alone by the processing of positional
# arguments.
if (not partial and param.kind != _VAR_POSITIONAL and
param.default is _empty):
raise TypeError('missing a required argument: {arg!r}'. \
format(arg=param_name)) from None
else:
if param.kind == _POSITIONAL_ONLY:
# This should never happen in case of a properly built
# Signature object (but let's have this check here
# to ensure correct behaviour just in case)
raise TypeError('{arg!r} parameter is positional only, '
'but was passed as a keyword'. \
format(arg=param.name))
arguments[param_name] = arg_val
if kwargs:
if kwargs_param is not None:
# Process our '**kwargs'-like parameter
arguments[kwargs_param.name] = kwargs
else:
raise TypeError(
'got an unexpected keyword argument {arg!r}'.format(
arg=next(iter(kwargs))))
return self._bound_arguments_cls(self, arguments)
def bind(self, /, *args, **kwargs):
"""Get a BoundArguments object, that maps the passed `args`
and `kwargs` to the function's signature. Raises `TypeError`
if the passed arguments can not be bound.
"""
return self._bind(args, kwargs)
def bind_partial(self, /, *args, **kwargs):
"""Get a BoundArguments object, that partially maps the
passed `args` and `kwargs` to the function's signature.
Raises `TypeError` if the passed arguments can not be bound.
"""
return self._bind(args, kwargs, partial=True)
def __reduce__(self):
return (type(self),
(tuple(self._parameters.values()),),
{'_return_annotation': self._return_annotation})
def __setstate__(self, state):
self._return_annotation = state['_return_annotation']
def __repr__(self):
return '<{} {}>'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self)
def __str__(self):
result = []
render_pos_only_separator = False
render_kw_only_separator = True
for param in self.parameters.values():
formatted = str(param)
kind = param.kind
if kind == _POSITIONAL_ONLY:
render_pos_only_separator = True
elif render_pos_only_separator:
# It's not a positional-only parameter, and the flag
# is set to 'True' (there were pos-only params before.)
result.append('/')
render_pos_only_separator = False
if kind == _VAR_POSITIONAL:
# OK, we have an '*args'-like parameter, so we won't need
# a '*' to separate keyword-only arguments
render_kw_only_separator = False
elif kind == _KEYWORD_ONLY and render_kw_only_separator:
# We have a keyword-only parameter to render and we haven't
# rendered an '*args'-like parameter before, so add a '*'
# separator to the parameters list ("foo(arg1, *, arg2)" case)
result.append('*')
# This condition should be only triggered once, so
# reset the flag
render_kw_only_separator = False
result.append(formatted)
if render_pos_only_separator:
# There were only positional-only parameters, hence the
# flag was not reset to 'False'
result.append('/')
rendered = '({})'.format(', '.join(result))
if self.return_annotation is not _empty:
anno = formatannotation(self.return_annotation)
rendered += ' -> {}'.format(anno)
return rendered
def signature(obj, *, follow_wrapped=True, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False):
"""Get a signature object for the passed callable."""
return Signature.from_callable(obj, follow_wrapped=follow_wrapped,
globals=globals, locals=locals, eval_str=eval_str)
def _main():
""" Logic for inspecting an object given at command line """
import argparse
import importlib
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument(
'object',
help="The object to be analysed. "
"It supports the 'module:qualname' syntax")
parser.add_argument(
'-d', '--details', action='store_true',
help='Display info about the module rather than its source code')
args = parser.parse_args()
target = args.object
mod_name, has_attrs, attrs = target.partition(":")
try:
obj = module = importlib.import_module(mod_name)
except Exception as exc:
msg = "Failed to import {} ({}: {})".format(mod_name,
type(exc).__name__,
exc)
print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(2)
if has_attrs:
parts = attrs.split(".")
obj = module
for part in parts:
obj = getattr(obj, part)
if module.__name__ in sys.builtin_module_names:
print("Can't get info for builtin modules.", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
if args.details:
print('Target: {}'.format(target))
print('Origin: {}'.format(getsourcefile(module)))
print('Cached: {}'.format(module.__cached__))
if obj is module:
print('Loader: {}'.format(repr(module.__loader__)))
if hasattr(module, '__path__'):
print('Submodule search path: {}'.format(module.__path__))
else:
try:
__, lineno = findsource(obj)
except Exception:
pass
else:
print('Line: {}'.format(lineno))
print('\n')
else:
print(getsource(obj))
if __name__ == "__main__":
_main()