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# orm/session.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2021 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""Provides the Session class and related utilities."""
import itertools
import sys
import weakref
from . import attributes
from . import exc
from . import identity
from . import loading
from . import persistence
from . import query
from . import state as statelib
from .base import _class_to_mapper
from .base import _none_set
from .base import _state_mapper
from .base import instance_str
from .base import object_mapper
from .base import object_state
from .base import state_str
from .deprecated_interfaces import SessionExtension
from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction
from .. import engine
from .. import exc as sa_exc
from .. import sql
from .. import util
from ..inspection import inspect
from ..sql import expression
from ..sql import util as sql_util
__all__ = ["Session", "SessionTransaction", "SessionExtension", "sessionmaker"]
_sessions = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
"""Weak-referencing dictionary of :class:`.Session` objects."""
def _state_session(state):
"""Given an :class:`.InstanceState`, return the :class:`.Session`
associated, if any.
"""
if state.session_id:
try:
return _sessions[state.session_id]
except KeyError:
pass
return None
class _SessionClassMethods(object):
"""Class-level methods for :class:`.Session`, :class:`.sessionmaker`."""
@classmethod
@util.deprecated(
"1.3",
"The :meth:`.Session.close_all` method is deprecated and will be "
"removed in a future release. Please refer to "
":func:`.session.close_all_sessions`.",
)
def close_all(cls):
"""Close *all* sessions in memory."""
close_all_sessions()
@classmethod
@util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.util")
def identity_key(cls, orm_util, *args, **kwargs):
"""Return an identity key.
This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
"""
return orm_util.identity_key(*args, **kwargs)
@classmethod
def object_session(cls, instance):
"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
"""
return object_session(instance)
ACTIVE = util.symbol("ACTIVE")
PREPARED = util.symbol("PREPARED")
COMMITTED = util.symbol("COMMITTED")
DEACTIVE = util.symbol("DEACTIVE")
CLOSED = util.symbol("CLOSED")
class SessionTransaction(object):
"""A :class:`.Session`-level transaction.
:class:`.SessionTransaction` is a mostly behind-the-scenes object
not normally referenced directly by application code. It coordinates
among multiple :class:`_engine.Connection` objects, maintaining a database
transaction for each one individually, committing or rolling them
back all at once. It also provides optional two-phase commit behavior
which can augment this coordination operation.
The :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute of :class:`.Session`
refers to the current :class:`.SessionTransaction` object in use, if any.
The :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` attribute refers to the parent
:class:`.SessionTransaction` in the stack of :class:`.SessionTransaction`
objects. If this attribute is ``None``, then this is the top of the stack.
If non-``None``, then this :class:`.SessionTransaction` refers either
to a so-called "subtransaction" or a "nested" transaction. A
"subtransaction" is a scoping concept that demarcates an inner portion
of the outermost "real" transaction. A nested transaction, which
is indicated when the :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested`
attribute is also True, indicates that this :class:`.SessionTransaction`
corresponds to a SAVEPOINT.
**Life Cycle**
A :class:`.SessionTransaction` is associated with a :class:`.Session` in
its default mode of ``autocommit=False`` immediately, associated
with no database connections. As the :class:`.Session` is called upon
to emit SQL on behalf of various :class:`_engine.Engine` or
:class:`_engine.Connection`
objects, a corresponding :class:`_engine.Connection` and associated
:class:`.Transaction` is added to a collection within the
:class:`.SessionTransaction` object, becoming one of the
connection/transaction pairs maintained by the
:class:`.SessionTransaction`. The start of a :class:`.SessionTransaction`
can be tracked using the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
event.
The lifespan of the :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends when the
:meth:`.Session.commit`, :meth:`.Session.rollback` or
:meth:`.Session.close` methods are called. At this point, the
:class:`.SessionTransaction` removes its association with its parent
:class:`.Session`. A :class:`.Session` that is in ``autocommit=False``
mode will create a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` to replace it
immediately, whereas a :class:`.Session` that's in ``autocommit=True``
mode will remain without a :class:`.SessionTransaction` until the
:meth:`.Session.begin` method is called. The end of a
:class:`.SessionTransaction` can be tracked using the
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` event.
**Nesting and Subtransactions**
Another detail of :class:`.SessionTransaction` behavior is that it is
capable of "nesting". This means that the :meth:`.Session.begin` method
can be called while an existing :class:`.SessionTransaction` is already
present, producing a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` that temporarily
replaces the parent :class:`.SessionTransaction`. When a
:class:`.SessionTransaction` is produced as nested, it assigns itself to
the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute, and it additionally will assign
the previous :class:`.SessionTransaction` to its :attr:`.Session.parent`
attribute. The behavior is effectively a
stack, where :attr:`.Session.transaction` refers to the current head of
the stack, and the :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` attribute allows
traversal up the stack until :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` is
``None``, indicating the top of the stack.
When the scope of :class:`.SessionTransaction` is ended via
:meth:`.Session.commit` or :meth:`.Session.rollback`, it restores its
parent :class:`.SessionTransaction` back onto the
:attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.
The purpose of this stack is to allow nesting of
:meth:`.Session.rollback` or :meth:`.Session.commit` calls in context
with various flavors of :meth:`.Session.begin`. This nesting behavior
applies to when :meth:`.Session.begin_nested` is used to emit a
SAVEPOINT transaction, and is also used to produce a so-called
"subtransaction" which allows a block of code to use a
begin/rollback/commit sequence regardless of whether or not its enclosing
code block has begun a transaction. The :meth:`.flush` method, whether
called explicitly or via autoflush, is the primary consumer of the
"subtransaction" feature, in that it wishes to guarantee that it works
within in a transaction block regardless of whether or not the
:class:`.Session` is in transactional mode when the method is called.
Note that the flush process that occurs within the "autoflush" feature
as well as when the :meth:`.Session.flush` method is used **always**
creates a :class:`.SessionTransaction` object. This object is normally
a subtransaction, unless the :class:`.Session` is in autocommit mode
and no transaction exists at all, in which case it's the outermost
transaction. Any event-handling logic or other inspection logic
needs to take into account whether a :class:`.SessionTransaction`
is the outermost transaction, a subtransaction, or a "nested" / SAVEPOINT
transaction.
.. seealso::
:meth:`.Session.rollback`
:meth:`.Session.commit`
:meth:`.Session.begin`
:meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
:attr:`.Session.is_active`
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_commit`
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_rollback`
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback`
"""
_rollback_exception = None
def __init__(self, session, parent=None, nested=False):
self.session = session
self._connections = {}
self._parent = parent
self.nested = nested
self._state = ACTIVE
if not parent and nested:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Can't start a SAVEPOINT transaction when no existing "
"transaction is in progress"
)
if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
self._take_snapshot()
self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_create(self.session, self)
@property
def parent(self):
"""The parent :class:`.SessionTransaction` of this
:class:`.SessionTransaction`.
If this attribute is ``None``, indicates this
:class:`.SessionTransaction` is at the top of the stack, and
corresponds to a real "COMMIT"/"ROLLBACK"
block. If non-``None``, then this is either a "subtransaction"
or a "nested" / SAVEPOINT transaction. If the
:attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` attribute is ``True``, then
this is a SAVEPOINT, and if ``False``, indicates this a subtransaction.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.16 - use ._parent for previous versions
"""
return self._parent
nested = False
"""Indicates if this is a nested, or SAVEPOINT, transaction.
When :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` is True, it is expected
that :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` will be True as well.
"""
@property
def is_active(self):
return self.session is not None and self._state is ACTIVE
def _assert_active(
self,
prepared_ok=False,
rollback_ok=False,
deactive_ok=False,
closed_msg="This transaction is closed",
):
if self._state is COMMITTED:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"This session is in 'committed' state; no further "
"SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
)
elif self._state is PREPARED:
if not prepared_ok:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"This session is in 'prepared' state; no further "
"SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
)
elif self._state is DEACTIVE:
if not deactive_ok and not rollback_ok:
if self._rollback_exception:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"This Session's transaction has been rolled back "
"due to a previous exception during flush."
" To begin a new transaction with this Session, "
"first issue Session.rollback()."
" Original exception was: %s"
% self._rollback_exception,
code="7s2a",
)
elif not deactive_ok:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"This session is in 'inactive' state, due to the "
"SQL transaction being rolled back; no further "
"SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
)
elif self._state is CLOSED:
raise sa_exc.ResourceClosedError(closed_msg)
@property
def _is_transaction_boundary(self):
return self.nested or not self._parent
def connection(self, bindkey, execution_options=None, **kwargs):
self._assert_active()
bind = self.session.get_bind(bindkey, **kwargs)
return self._connection_for_bind(bind, execution_options)
def _begin(self, nested=False):
self._assert_active()
return SessionTransaction(self.session, self, nested=nested)
def _iterate_self_and_parents(self, upto=None):
current = self
result = ()
while current:
result += (current,)
if current._parent is upto:
break
elif current._parent is None:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Transaction %s is not on the active transaction list"
% (upto)
)
else:
current = current._parent
return result
def _take_snapshot(self):
if not self._is_transaction_boundary:
self._new = self._parent._new
self._deleted = self._parent._deleted
self._dirty = self._parent._dirty
self._key_switches = self._parent._key_switches
return
if not self.session._flushing:
self.session.flush()
self._new = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
self._deleted = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
self._dirty = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
self._key_switches = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
def _restore_snapshot(self, dirty_only=False):
"""Restore the restoration state taken before a transaction began.
Corresponds to a rollback.
"""
assert self._is_transaction_boundary
to_expunge = set(self._new).union(self.session._new)
self.session._expunge_states(to_expunge, to_transient=True)
for s, (oldkey, newkey) in self._key_switches.items():
# we probably can do this conditionally based on
# if we expunged or not, but safe_discard does that anyway
self.session.identity_map.safe_discard(s)
# restore the old key
s.key = oldkey
# now restore the object, but only if we didn't expunge
if s not in to_expunge:
self.session.identity_map.replace(s)
for s in set(self._deleted).union(self.session._deleted):
self.session._update_impl(s, revert_deletion=True)
assert not self.session._deleted
for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
if not dirty_only or s.modified or s in self._dirty:
s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
def _remove_snapshot(self):
"""Remove the restoration state taken before a transaction began.
Corresponds to a commit.
"""
assert self._is_transaction_boundary
if not self.nested and self.session.expire_on_commit:
for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(
list(self._deleted), self.session
)
self._deleted.clear()
elif self.nested:
self._parent._new.update(self._new)
self._parent._dirty.update(self._dirty)
self._parent._deleted.update(self._deleted)
self._parent._key_switches.update(self._key_switches)
def _connection_for_bind(self, bind, execution_options):
self._assert_active()
if bind in self._connections:
if execution_options:
util.warn(
"Connection is already established for the "
"given bind; execution_options ignored"
)
return self._connections[bind][0]
local_connect = False
if self._parent:
conn = self._parent._connection_for_bind(bind, execution_options)
if not self.nested:
return conn
else:
if isinstance(bind, engine.Connection):
conn = bind
if conn.engine in self._connections:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Session already has a Connection associated for the "
"given Connection's Engine"
)
else:
conn = bind._contextual_connect()
local_connect = True
try:
if execution_options:
conn = conn.execution_options(**execution_options)
if self.session.twophase and self._parent is None:
transaction = conn.begin_twophase()
elif self.nested:
transaction = conn.begin_nested()
else:
transaction = conn.begin()
except:
# connection will not not be associated with this Session;
# close it immediately so that it isn't closed under GC
if local_connect:
conn.close()
raise
else:
self._connections[conn] = self._connections[conn.engine] = (
conn,
transaction,
conn is not bind,
)
self.session.dispatch.after_begin(self.session, self, conn)
return conn
def prepare(self):
if self._parent is not None or not self.session.twophase:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"'twophase' mode not enabled, or not root transaction; "
"can't prepare."
)
self._prepare_impl()
def _prepare_impl(self):
self._assert_active()
if self._parent is None or self.nested:
self.session.dispatch.before_commit(self.session)
stx = self.session.transaction
if stx is not self:
for subtransaction in stx._iterate_self_and_parents(upto=self):
subtransaction.commit()
if not self.session._flushing:
for _flush_guard in range(100):
if self.session._is_clean():
break
self.session.flush()
else:
raise exc.FlushError(
"Over 100 subsequent flushes have occurred within "
"session.commit() - is an after_flush() hook "
"creating new objects?"
)
if self._parent is None and self.session.twophase:
try:
for t in set(self._connections.values()):
t[1].prepare()
except:
with util.safe_reraise():
self.rollback()
self._state = PREPARED
def commit(self):
self._assert_active(prepared_ok=True)
if self._state is not PREPARED:
self._prepare_impl()
if self._parent is None or self.nested:
for t in set(self._connections.values()):
t[1].commit()
self._state = COMMITTED
self.session.dispatch.after_commit(self.session)
if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
self._remove_snapshot()
self.close()
return self._parent
def rollback(self, _capture_exception=False):
self._assert_active(prepared_ok=True, rollback_ok=True)
stx = self.session.transaction
if stx is not self:
for subtransaction in stx._iterate_self_and_parents(upto=self):
subtransaction.close()
boundary = self
rollback_err = None
if self._state in (ACTIVE, PREPARED):
for transaction in self._iterate_self_and_parents():
if transaction._parent is None or transaction.nested:
try:
for t in set(transaction._connections.values()):
t[1].rollback()
transaction._state = DEACTIVE
self.session.dispatch.after_rollback(self.session)
except:
rollback_err = sys.exc_info()
finally:
transaction._state = DEACTIVE
if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
transaction._restore_snapshot(
dirty_only=transaction.nested
)
boundary = transaction
break
else:
transaction._state = DEACTIVE
sess = self.session
if (
not rollback_err
and sess._enable_transaction_accounting
and not sess._is_clean()
):
# if items were added, deleted, or mutated
# here, we need to re-restore the snapshot
util.warn(
"Session's state has been changed on "
"a non-active transaction - this state "
"will be discarded."
)
boundary._restore_snapshot(dirty_only=boundary.nested)
self.close()
if self._parent and _capture_exception:
self._parent._rollback_exception = sys.exc_info()[1]
if rollback_err:
util.raise_(rollback_err[1], with_traceback=rollback_err[2])
sess.dispatch.after_soft_rollback(sess, self)
return self._parent
def close(self, invalidate=False):
self.session.transaction = self._parent
if self._parent is None:
for connection, transaction, autoclose in set(
self._connections.values()
):
if invalidate:
connection.invalidate()
if autoclose:
connection.close()
else:
transaction.close()
self._state = CLOSED
self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_end(self.session, self)
if self._parent is None:
if not self.session.autocommit:
self.session.begin()
self.session = None
self._connections = None
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, type_, value, traceback):
self._assert_active(deactive_ok=True, prepared_ok=True)
if self.session.transaction is None:
return
if type_ is None:
try:
self.commit()
except:
with util.safe_reraise():
self.rollback()
else:
self.rollback()
class Session(_SessionClassMethods):
"""Manages persistence operations for ORM-mapped objects.
The Session's usage paradigm is described at :doc:`/orm/session`.
"""
public_methods = (
"__contains__",
"__iter__",
"add",
"add_all",
"begin",
"begin_nested",
"close",
"commit",
"connection",
"delete",
"execute",
"expire",
"expire_all",
"expunge",
"expunge_all",
"flush",
"get_bind",
"is_modified",
"bulk_save_objects",
"bulk_insert_mappings",
"bulk_update_mappings",
"merge",
"query",
"refresh",
"rollback",
"scalar",
)
@util.deprecated_params(
weak_identity_map=(
"1.0",
"The :paramref:`.Session.weak_identity_map` parameter as well as "
"the strong-referencing identity map are deprecated, and will be "
"removed in a future release. For the use case where objects "
"present in a :class:`.Session` need to be automatically strong "
"referenced, see the recipe at "
":ref:`session_referencing_behavior` for an event-based approach "
"to maintaining strong identity references. ",
),
_enable_transaction_accounting=(
"0.7",
"The :paramref:`.Session._enable_transaction_accounting` "
"parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
),
extension=(
"0.7",
":class:`.SessionExtension` is deprecated in favor of the "
":class:`.SessionEvents` listener interface. The "
":paramref:`.Session.extension` parameter will be "
"removed in a future release.",
),
)
def __init__(
self,
bind=None,
autoflush=True,
expire_on_commit=True,
_enable_transaction_accounting=True,
autocommit=False,
twophase=False,
weak_identity_map=None,
binds=None,
extension=None,
enable_baked_queries=True,
info=None,
query_cls=None,
):
r"""Construct a new Session.
See also the :class:`.sessionmaker` function which is used to
generate a :class:`.Session`-producing callable with a given
set of arguments.
:param autocommit:
.. warning::
The autocommit flag is **not for general use**, and if it is
used, queries should only be invoked within the span of a
:meth:`.Session.begin` / :meth:`.Session.commit` pair. Executing
queries outside of a demarcated transaction is a legacy mode
of usage, and can in some cases lead to concurrent connection
checkouts.
Defaults to ``False``. When ``True``, the
:class:`.Session` does not keep a persistent transaction running,
and will acquire connections from the engine on an as-needed basis,
returning them immediately after their use. Flushes will begin and
commit (or possibly rollback) their own transaction if no
transaction is present. When using this mode, the
:meth:`.Session.begin` method is used to explicitly start
transactions.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_autocommit`
:param autoflush: When ``True``, all query operations will issue a
:meth:`~.Session.flush` call to this ``Session`` before proceeding.
This is a convenience feature so that :meth:`~.Session.flush` need
not be called repeatedly in order for database queries to retrieve
results. It's typical that ``autoflush`` is used in conjunction
with ``autocommit=False``. In this scenario, explicit calls to
:meth:`~.Session.flush` are rarely needed; you usually only need to
call :meth:`~.Session.commit` (which flushes) to finalize changes.
:param bind: An optional :class:`_engine.Engine` or
:class:`_engine.Connection` to
which this ``Session`` should be bound. When specified, all SQL
operations performed by this session will execute via this
connectable.
:param binds: A dictionary which may specify any number of
:class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
objects as the source of
connectivity for SQL operations on a per-entity basis. The keys
of the dictionary consist of any series of mapped classes,
arbitrary Python classes that are bases for mapped classes,
:class:`_schema.Table` objects and :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects.
The
values of the dictionary are then instances of
:class:`_engine.Engine`
or less commonly :class:`_engine.Connection` objects.
Operations which
proceed relative to a particular mapped class will consult this
dictionary for the closest matching entity in order to determine
which :class:`_engine.Engine` should be used for a particular SQL
operation. The complete heuristics for resolution are
described at :meth:`.Session.get_bind`. Usage looks like::
Session = sessionmaker(binds={
SomeMappedClass: create_engine('postgresql://engine1'),
SomeDeclarativeBase: create_engine('postgresql://engine2'),
some_mapper: create_engine('postgresql://engine3'),
some_table: create_engine('postgresql://engine4'),
})
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_partitioning`
:meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
:meth:`.Session.bind_table`
:meth:`.Session.get_bind`
:param \class_: Specify an alternate class other than
``sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`` which should be used by the
returned class. This is the only argument that is local to the
:class:`.sessionmaker` function, and is not sent directly to the
constructor for ``Session``.
:param enable_baked_queries: defaults to ``True``. A flag consumed
by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.baked` extension to determine if
"baked queries" should be cached, as is the normal operation
of this extension. When set to ``False``, all caching is disabled,
including baked queries defined by the calling application as
well as those used internally. Setting this flag to ``False``
can significantly reduce memory use, however will also degrade
performance for those areas that make use of baked queries
(such as relationship loaders). Additionally, baked query
logic in the calling application or potentially within the ORM
that may be malfunctioning due to cache key collisions or similar
can be flagged by observing if this flag resolves the issue.
.. versionadded:: 1.2
:param _enable_transaction_accounting: A
legacy-only flag which when ``False`` disables *all* 0.5-style
object accounting on transaction boundaries.
:param expire_on_commit: Defaults to ``True``. When ``True``, all
instances will be fully expired after each :meth:`~.commit`,
so that all attribute/object access subsequent to a completed
transaction will load from the most recent database state.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_committing`
:param extension: An optional
:class:`~.SessionExtension` instance, or a list
of such instances, which will receive pre- and post- commit and
flush events, as well as a post-rollback event.
:param info: optional dictionary of arbitrary data to be associated
with this :class:`.Session`. Is available via the
:attr:`.Session.info` attribute. Note the dictionary is copied at
construction time so that modifications to the per-
:class:`.Session` dictionary will be local to that
:class:`.Session`.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.0
:param query_cls: Class which should be used to create new Query
objects, as returned by the :meth:`~.Session.query` method.
Defaults to :class:`_query.Query`.
:param twophase: When ``True``, all transactions will be started as
a "two phase" transaction, i.e. using the "two phase" semantics
of the database in use along with an XID. During a
:meth:`~.commit`, after :meth:`~.flush` has been issued for all
attached databases, the :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare`
method on each database's :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` will be
called. This allows each database to roll back the entire
transaction, before each transaction is committed.
:param weak_identity_map: Defaults to ``True`` - when set to
``False``, objects placed in the :class:`.Session` will be
strongly referenced until explicitly removed or the
:class:`.Session` is closed.
"""
if weak_identity_map in (True, None):
self._identity_cls = identity.WeakInstanceDict
else:
self._identity_cls = identity.StrongInstanceDict
self.identity_map = self._identity_cls()
self._new = {} # InstanceState->object, strong refs object
self._deleted = {} # same
self.bind = bind
self.__binds = {}
self._flushing = False
self._warn_on_events = False
self.transaction = None
self.hash_key = _new_sessionid()
self.autoflush = autoflush
self.autocommit = autocommit
self.expire_on_commit = expire_on_commit
self.enable_baked_queries = enable_baked_queries
self._enable_transaction_accounting = _enable_transaction_accounting
self.twophase = twophase
self._query_cls = query_cls if query_cls else query.Query
if info:
self.info.update(info)
if extension:
for ext in util.to_list(extension):
SessionExtension._adapt_listener(self, ext)
if binds is not None:
for key, bind in binds.items():
self._add_bind(key, bind)
if not self.autocommit:
self.begin()
_sessions[self.hash_key] = self
connection_callable = None
transaction = None
"""The current active or inactive :class:`.SessionTransaction`."""
@util.memoized_property
def info(self):
"""A user-modifiable dictionary.
The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
:class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods. The dictionary
here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.0
"""
return {}
def begin(self, subtransactions=False, nested=False):
"""Begin a transaction on this :class:`.Session`.
.. warning::
The :meth:`.Session.begin` method is part of a larger pattern
of use with the :class:`.Session` known as **autocommit mode**.
This is essentially a **legacy mode of use** and is
not necessary for new applications. The :class:`.Session`
normally handles the work of "begin" transparently, which in
turn relies upon the Python DBAPI to transparently "begin"
transactions; there is **no need to explicitly begin transactions**
when using modern :class:`.Session` programming patterns.
In its default mode of ``autocommit=False``, the
:class:`.Session` does all of its work within
the context of a transaction, so as soon as you call
:meth:`.Session.commit`, the next transaction is implicitly
started when the next database operation is invoked. See
:ref:`session_autocommit` for further background.
The method will raise an error if this :class:`.Session` is already
inside of a transaction, unless
:paramref:`~.Session.begin.subtransactions` or
:paramref:`~.Session.begin.nested` are specified. A "subtransaction"
is essentially a code embedding pattern that does not affect the
transactional state of the database connection unless a rollback is
emitted, in which case the whole transaction is rolled back. For
documentation on subtransactions, please see
:ref:`session_subtransactions`.
:param subtransactions: if True, indicates that this
:meth:`~.Session.begin` can create a "subtransaction".
:param nested: if True, begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is
equivalent to calling :meth:`~.Session.begin_nested`. For
documentation on SAVEPOINT transactions, please see
:ref:`session_begin_nested`.
:return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object. Note that
:class:`.SessionTransaction`
acts as a Python context manager, allowing :meth:`.Session.begin`
to be used in a "with" block. See :ref:`session_autocommit` for
an example.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_autocommit`
:meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
"""
if self.transaction is not None:
if subtransactions or nested:
self.transaction = self.transaction._begin(nested=nested)
else:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"A transaction is already begun. Use "
"subtransactions=True to allow subtransactions."
)
else:
self.transaction = SessionTransaction(self, nested=nested)
return self.transaction # needed for __enter__/__exit__ hook
def begin_nested(self):
"""Begin a "nested" transaction on this Session, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
The target database(s) and associated drivers must support SQL
SAVEPOINT for this method to function correctly.
For documentation on SAVEPOINT
transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
:return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object. Note that
:class:`.SessionTransaction` acts as a context manager, allowing
:meth:`.Session.begin_nested` to be used in a "with" block.
See :ref:`session_begin_nested` for a usage example.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_begin_nested`
:ref:`pysqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
with the SQLite driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
correctly.
"""
return self.begin(nested=True)
def rollback(self):
"""Rollback the current transaction in progress.
If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
This method rolls back the current transaction or nested transaction
regardless of subtransactions being in effect. All subtransactions up
to the first real transaction are closed. Subtransactions occur when
:meth:`.begin` is called multiple times.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_rollback`
"""
if self.transaction is None:
pass
else:
self.transaction.rollback()
def commit(self):
"""Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
:exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
By default, the :class:`.Session` also expires all database
loaded state on all ORM-managed attributes after transaction commit.
This so that subsequent operations load the most recent
data from the database. This behavior can be disabled using
the ``expire_on_commit=False`` option to :class:`.sessionmaker` or
the :class:`.Session` constructor.
If a subtransaction is in effect (which occurs when begin() is called
multiple times), the subtransaction will be closed, and the next call
to ``commit()`` will operate on the enclosing transaction.
When using the :class:`.Session` in its default mode of
``autocommit=False``, a new transaction will
be begun immediately after the commit, but note that the newly begun
transaction does *not* use any connection resources until the first
SQL is actually emitted.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_committing`
"""
if self.transaction is None:
if not self.autocommit:
self.begin()
else:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("No transaction is begun.")
self.transaction.commit()
def prepare(self):
"""Prepare the current transaction in progress for two phase commit.
If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
:exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
Only root transactions of two phase sessions can be prepared. If the
current transaction is not such, an
:exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
"""
if self.transaction is None:
if not self.autocommit:
self.begin()
else:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("No transaction is begun.")
self.transaction.prepare()
def connection(
self,
mapper=None,
clause=None,
bind=None,
close_with_result=False,
execution_options=None,
**kw
):
r"""Return a :class:`_engine.Connection` object corresponding to this
:class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
If this :class:`.Session` is configured with ``autocommit=False``,
either the :class:`_engine.Connection` corresponding to the current
transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new
one is begun and the :class:`_engine.Connection`
returned (note that no
transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first
SQL statement is emitted).
Alternatively, if this :class:`.Session` is configured with
``autocommit=True``, an ad-hoc :class:`_engine.Connection` is returned
using :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` on the underlying
:class:`_engine.Engine`.
Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound :class:`.Session` objects can be
resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments. This
ultimately makes usage of the :meth:`.get_bind` method for resolution.
:param bind:
Optional :class:`_engine.Engine` to be used as the bind. If
this engine is already involved in an ongoing transaction,
that connection will be used. This argument takes precedence
over ``mapper``, ``clause``.
:param mapper:
Optional :func:`.mapper` mapped class, used to identify
the appropriate bind. This argument takes precedence over
``clause``.
:param clause:
A :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` (i.e.
:func:`_expression.select`,
:func:`_expression.text`,
etc.) which will be used to locate a bind, if a bind
cannot otherwise be identified.
:param close_with_result: Passed to :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect`,
indicating the :class:`_engine.Connection` should be considered
"single use", automatically closing when the first result set is
closed. This flag only has an effect if this :class:`.Session` is
configured with ``autocommit=True`` and does not already have a
transaction in progress.
:param execution_options: a dictionary of execution options that will
be passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, **when the
connection is first procured only**. If the connection is already
present within the :class:`.Session`, a warning is emitted and
the arguments are ignored.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.9
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_transaction_isolation`
:param \**kw:
Additional keyword arguments are sent to :meth:`get_bind`,
allowing additional arguments to be passed to custom
implementations of :meth:`get_bind`.
"""
if bind is None:
bind = self.get_bind(mapper, clause=clause, **kw)
return self._connection_for_bind(
bind,
close_with_result=close_with_result,
execution_options=execution_options,
)
def _connection_for_bind(self, engine, execution_options=None, **kw):
if self.transaction is not None:
return self.transaction._connection_for_bind(
engine, execution_options
)
else:
conn = engine._contextual_connect(**kw)
if execution_options:
conn = conn.execution_options(**execution_options)
return conn
def execute(self, clause, params=None, mapper=None, bind=None, **kw):
r"""Execute a SQL expression construct or string statement within
the current transaction.
Returns a :class:`_engine.ResultProxy` representing
results of the statement execution, in the same manner as that of an
:class:`_engine.Engine` or
:class:`_engine.Connection`.
E.g.::
result = session.execute(
user_table.select().where(user_table.c.id == 5)
)
:meth:`~.Session.execute` accepts any executable clause construct,
such as :func:`_expression.select`,
:func:`_expression.insert`,
:func:`_expression.update`,
:func:`_expression.delete`, and
:func:`_expression.text`. Plain SQL strings can be passed
as well, which in the case of :meth:`.Session.execute` only
will be interpreted the same as if it were passed via a
:func:`_expression.text` construct. That is, the following usage::
result = session.execute(
"SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param",
{"param":5}
)
is equivalent to::
from sqlalchemy import text
result = session.execute(
text("SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param"),
{"param":5}
)
The second positional argument to :meth:`.Session.execute` is an
optional parameter set. Similar to that of
:meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, whether this is passed as a single
dictionary, or a sequence of dictionaries, determines whether the DBAPI
cursor's ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` is used to execute the
statement. An INSERT construct may be invoked for a single row::
result = session.execute(
users.insert(), {"id": 7, "name": "somename"})
or for multiple rows::
result = session.execute(users.insert(), [
{"id": 7, "name": "somename7"},
{"id": 8, "name": "somename8"},
{"id": 9, "name": "somename9"}
])
The statement is executed within the current transactional context of
this :class:`.Session`. The :class:`_engine.Connection`
which is used
to execute the statement can also be acquired directly by
calling the :meth:`.Session.connection` method. Both methods use
a rule-based resolution scheme in order to determine the
:class:`_engine.Connection`,
which in the average case is derived directly
from the "bind" of the :class:`.Session` itself, and in other cases
can be based on the :func:`.mapper`
and :class:`_schema.Table` objects passed to the method; see the
documentation for :meth:`.Session.get_bind` for a full description of
this scheme.
The :meth:`.Session.execute` method does *not* invoke autoflush.
The :class:`_engine.ResultProxy` returned by the
:meth:`.Session.execute`
method is returned with the "close_with_result" flag set to true;
the significance of this flag is that if this :class:`.Session` is
autocommitting and does not have a transaction-dedicated
:class:`_engine.Connection` available, a temporary
:class:`_engine.Connection` is
established for the statement execution, which is closed (meaning,
returned to the connection pool) when the :class:`_engine.ResultProxy`
has
consumed all available data. This applies *only* when the
:class:`.Session` is configured with autocommit=True and no
transaction has been started.
:param clause:
An executable statement (i.e. an :class:`.Executable` expression
such as :func:`_expression.select`) or string SQL statement
to be executed.
:param params:
Optional dictionary, or list of dictionaries, containing
bound parameter values. If a single dictionary, single-row
execution occurs; if a list of dictionaries, an
"executemany" will be invoked. The keys in each dictionary
must correspond to parameter names present in the statement.
:param mapper:
Optional :func:`.mapper` or mapped class, used to identify
the appropriate bind. This argument takes precedence over
``clause`` when locating a bind. See :meth:`.Session.get_bind`
for more details.
:param bind:
Optional :class:`_engine.Engine` to be used as the bind. If
this engine is already involved in an ongoing transaction,
that connection will be used. This argument takes
precedence over ``mapper`` and ``clause`` when locating
a bind.
:param \**kw:
Additional keyword arguments are sent to :meth:`.Session.get_bind()`
to allow extensibility of "bind" schemes.
.. seealso::
:ref:`sqlexpression_toplevel` - Tutorial on using Core SQL
constructs.
:ref:`connections_toplevel` - Further information on direct
statement execution.
:meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`
- core level statement execution
method, which is :meth:`.Session.execute` ultimately uses
in order to execute the statement.
"""
clause = expression._literal_as_text(
clause, allow_coercion_to_text=True
)
if bind is None:
bind = self.get_bind(mapper, clause=clause, **kw)
return self._connection_for_bind(bind, close_with_result=True).execute(
clause, params or {}
)
def scalar(self, clause, params=None, mapper=None, bind=None, **kw):
"""Like :meth:`~.Session.execute` but return a scalar result."""
return self.execute(
clause, params=params, mapper=mapper, bind=bind, **kw
).scalar()
def close(self):
"""Close this Session.
This clears all items and ends any transaction in progress.
If this session were created with ``autocommit=False``, a new
transaction is immediately begun. Note that this new transaction does
not use any connection resources until they are first needed.
"""
self._close_impl(invalidate=False)
def invalidate(self):
"""Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
This is a variant of :meth:`.Session.close` that will additionally
ensure that the :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate`
method will be called
on all :class:`_engine.Connection` objects. This can be called when
the database is known to be in a state where the connections are
no longer safe to be used.
E.g.::
try:
sess = Session()
sess.add(User())
sess.commit()
except gevent.Timeout:
sess.invalidate()
raise
except:
sess.rollback()
raise
This clears all items and ends any transaction in progress.
If this session were created with ``autocommit=False``, a new
transaction is immediately begun. Note that this new transaction does
not use any connection resources until they are first needed.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.9
"""
self._close_impl(invalidate=True)
def _close_impl(self, invalidate):
self.expunge_all()
if self.transaction is not None:
for transaction in self.transaction._iterate_self_and_parents():
transaction.close(invalidate)
def expunge_all(self):
"""Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
``Session``.
"""
all_states = self.identity_map.all_states() + list(self._new)
self.identity_map = self._identity_cls()
self._new = {}
self._deleted = {}
statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(all_states, self)
def _add_bind(self, key, bind):
try:
insp = inspect(key)
except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
if not isinstance(key, type):
util.raise_(
sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Not an acceptable bind target: %s" % key
),
replace_context=err,
)
else:
self.__binds[key] = bind
else:
if insp.is_selectable:
self.__binds[insp] = bind
elif insp.is_mapper:
self.__binds[insp.class_] = bind
for selectable in insp._all_tables:
self.__binds[selectable] = bind
else:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Not an acceptable bind target: %s" % key
)
def bind_mapper(self, mapper, bind):
"""Associate a :class:`_orm.Mapper` or arbitrary Python class with a
"bind", e.g. an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
:class:`_engine.Connection`.
The given entity is added to a lookup used by the
:meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
:param mapper: a :class:`_orm.Mapper` object,
or an instance of a mapped
class, or any Python class that is the base of a set of mapped
classes.
:param bind: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
object.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_partitioning`
:paramref:`.Session.binds`
:meth:`.Session.bind_table`
"""
self._add_bind(mapper, bind)
def bind_table(self, table, bind):
"""Associate a :class:`_schema.Table` with a "bind", e.g. an
:class:`_engine.Engine`
or :class:`_engine.Connection`.
The given :class:`_schema.Table` is added to a lookup used by the
:meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
:param table: a :class:`_schema.Table` object,
which is typically the target
of an ORM mapping, or is present within a selectable that is
mapped.
:param bind: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
object.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_partitioning`
:paramref:`.Session.binds`
:meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
"""
self._add_bind(table, bind)
def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None):
"""Return a "bind" to which this :class:`.Session` is bound.
The "bind" is usually an instance of :class:`_engine.Engine`,
except in the case where the :class:`.Session` has been
explicitly bound directly to a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
For a multiply-bound or unbound :class:`.Session`, the
``mapper`` or ``clause`` arguments are used to determine the
appropriate bind to return.
Note that the "mapper" argument is usually present
when :meth:`.Session.get_bind` is called via an ORM
operation such as a :meth:`.Session.query`, each
individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a
:meth:`.Session.flush`, call, etc.
The order of resolution is:
1. if mapper given and :paramref:`.Session.binds` is present,
locate a bind based first on the mapper in use, then
on the mapped class in use, then on any base classes that are
present in the ``__mro__`` of the mapped class, from more specific
superclasses to more general.
2. if clause given and ``Session.binds`` is present,
locate a bind based on :class:`_schema.Table` objects
found in the given clause present in ``Session.binds``.
3. if ``Session.binds`` is present, return that.
4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind
linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
associated with the clause.
5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind
linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
associated with the :class:`_schema.Table` or other
selectable to which the mapper is mapped.
6. No bind can be found, :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.UnboundExecutionError`
is raised.
Note that the :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method can be overridden on
a user-defined subclass of :class:`.Session` to provide any kind
of bind resolution scheme. See the example at
:ref:`session_custom_partitioning`.
:param mapper:
Optional :func:`.mapper` mapped class or instance of
:class:`_orm.Mapper`. The bind can be derived from a
:class:`_orm.Mapper`
first by consulting the "binds" map associated with this
:class:`.Session`, and secondly by consulting the
:class:`_schema.MetaData`
associated with the :class:`_schema.Table` to which the
:class:`_orm.Mapper`
is mapped for a bind.
:param clause:
A :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` (i.e.
:func:`_expression.select`,
:func:`_expression.text`,
etc.). If the ``mapper`` argument is not present or could not
produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched
for a bound element, typically a :class:`_schema.Table`
associated with
bound :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_partitioning`
:paramref:`.Session.binds`
:meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
:meth:`.Session.bind_table`
"""
if mapper is clause is None:
if self.bind:
return self.bind
else:
raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
"This session is not bound to a single Engine or "
"Connection, and no context was provided to locate "
"a binding."
)
if mapper is not None:
try:
mapper = inspect(mapper)
except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
if isinstance(mapper, type):
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedClassError(mapper),
replace_context=err,
)
else:
raise
if self.__binds:
if mapper:
for cls in mapper.class_.__mro__:
if cls in self.__binds:
return self.__binds[cls]
if clause is None:
clause = mapper.persist_selectable
if clause is not None:
for t in sql_util.find_tables(clause, include_crud=True):
if t in self.__binds:
return self.__binds[t]
if self.bind:
return self.bind
if isinstance(clause, sql.expression.ClauseElement) and clause.bind:
return clause.bind
if mapper and mapper.persist_selectable.bind:
return mapper.persist_selectable.bind
context = []
if mapper is not None:
context.append("mapper %s" % mapper)
if clause is not None:
context.append("SQL expression")
raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
"Could not locate a bind configured on %s or this Session"
% (", ".join(context))
)
def query(self, *entities, **kwargs):
"""Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object corresponding to this
:class:`.Session`."""
return self._query_cls(entities, self, **kwargs)
@property
@util.contextmanager
def no_autoflush(self):
"""Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
e.g.::
with session.no_autoflush:
some_object = SomeClass()
session.add(some_object)
# won't autoflush
some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
access. This is useful when initializing a series
of objects which involve existing database queries,
where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
"""
autoflush = self.autoflush
self.autoflush = False
try:
yield self
finally:
self.autoflush = autoflush
def _autoflush(self):
if self.autoflush and not self._flushing:
try:
self.flush()
except sa_exc.StatementError as e:
# note we are reraising StatementError as opposed to
# raising FlushError with "chaining" to remain compatible
# with code that catches StatementError, IntegrityError,
# etc.
e.add_detail(
"raised as a result of Query-invoked autoflush; "
"consider using a session.no_autoflush block if this "
"flush is occurring prematurely"
)
util.raise_(e, with_traceback=sys.exc_info()[2])
def refresh(
self,
instance,
attribute_names=None,
with_for_update=None,
lockmode=None,
):
"""Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be
refreshed with their current database value.
Lazy-loaded relational attributes will remain lazily loaded, so that
the instance-wide refresh operation will be followed immediately by
the lazy load of that attribute.
Eagerly-loaded relational attributes will eagerly load within the
single refresh operation.
Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as
were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
in database state outside of that transaction - usage of
:meth:`~Session.refresh` usually only makes sense if non-ORM SQL
statement were emitted in the ongoing transaction, or if autocommit
mode is turned on.
:param attribute_names: optional. An iterable collection of
string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to
be refreshed.
:param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
flags should match the parameters of
:meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 1.2
:param lockmode: Passed to the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query`
as used by :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.with_lockmode`.
Superseded by :paramref:`.Session.refresh.with_for_update`.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
:meth:`.Session.expire`
:meth:`.Session.expire_all`
:meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
"""
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance),
replace_context=err,
)
self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
if with_for_update == {}:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"with_for_update should be the boolean value "
"True, or a dictionary with options. "
"A blank dictionary is ambiguous."
)
if lockmode:
with_for_update = query.LockmodeArg.parse_legacy_query(lockmode)
elif with_for_update is not None:
if with_for_update is True:
with_for_update = query.LockmodeArg()
elif with_for_update:
with_for_update = query.LockmodeArg(**with_for_update)
else:
with_for_update = None
if (
loading.load_on_ident(
self.query(object_mapper(instance)),
state.key,
refresh_state=state,
with_for_update=with_for_update,
only_load_props=attribute_names,
)
is None
):
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Could not refresh instance '%s'" % instance_str(instance)
)
def expire_all(self):
"""Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
a query will be issued using the
:class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that
a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
in database state outside of that transaction.
To expire individual objects and individual attributes
on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason,
calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` should not be needed when
autocommit is ``False``, assuming the transaction is isolated.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
:meth:`.Session.expire`
:meth:`.Session.refresh`
:meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
"""
for state in self.identity_map.all_states():
state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
def expire(self, instance, attribute_names=None):
"""Expire the attributes on an instance.
Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
:class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
load all expired attributes for the given instance. Note that
a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
in database state outside of that transaction.
To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
state can be loaded for the new transaction. For this reason,
calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
transaction.
:param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
:param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
:meth:`.Session.expire`
:meth:`.Session.refresh`
:meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
"""
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance),
replace_context=err,
)
self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
def _expire_state(self, state, attribute_names):
self._validate_persistent(state)
if attribute_names:
state._expire_attributes(state.dict, attribute_names)
else:
# pre-fetch the full cascade since the expire is going to
# remove associations
cascaded = list(
state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("refresh-expire", state)
)
self._conditional_expire(state)
for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded:
self._conditional_expire(st_)
def _conditional_expire(self, state):
"""Expire a state if persistent, else expunge if pending"""
if state.key:
state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
elif state in self._new:
self._new.pop(state)
state._detach(self)
@util.deprecated(
"0.7",
"The :meth:`.Session.prune` method is deprecated along with "
":paramref:`.Session.weak_identity_map`. This method will be "
"removed in a future release.",
)
def prune(self):
"""Remove unreferenced instances cached in the identity map.
Note that this method is only meaningful if "weak_identity_map" is set
to False. The default weak identity map is self-pruning.
Removes any object in this Session's identity map that is not
referenced in user code, modified, new or scheduled for deletion.
Returns the number of objects pruned.
"""
return self.identity_map.prune()
def expunge(self, instance):
"""Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
This will free all internal references to the instance. Cascading
will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
"""
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance),
replace_context=err,
)
if state.session_id is not self.hash_key:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Instance %s is not present in this Session" % state_str(state)
)
cascaded = list(
state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("expunge", state)
)
self._expunge_states([state] + [st_ for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded])
def _expunge_states(self, states, to_transient=False):
for state in states:
if state in self._new:
self._new.pop(state)
elif self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
self._deleted.pop(state, None)
elif self.transaction:
# state is "detached" from being deleted, but still present
# in the transaction snapshot
self.transaction._deleted.pop(state, None)
statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(
states, self, to_transient=to_transient
)
def _register_persistent(self, states):
"""Register all persistent objects from a flush.
This is used both for pending objects moving to the persistent
state as well as already persistent objects.
"""
pending_to_persistent = self.dispatch.pending_to_persistent or None
for state in states:
mapper = _state_mapper(state)
# prevent against last minute dereferences of the object
obj = state.obj()
if obj is not None:
instance_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
if (
_none_set.intersection(instance_key[1])
and not mapper.allow_partial_pks
or _none_set.issuperset(instance_key[1])
):
raise exc.FlushError(
"Instance %s has a NULL identity key. If this is an "
"auto-generated value, check that the database table "
"allows generation of new primary key values, and "
"that the mapped Column object is configured to "
"expect these generated values. Ensure also that "
"this flush() is not occurring at an inappropriate "
"time, such as within a load() event."
% state_str(state)
)
if state.key is None:
state.key = instance_key
elif state.key != instance_key:
# primary key switch. use safe_discard() in case another
# state has already replaced this one in the identity
# map (see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py ReversePKsTest)
self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
if state in self.transaction._key_switches:
orig_key = self.transaction._key_switches[state][0]
else:
orig_key = state.key
self.transaction._key_switches[state] = (
orig_key,
instance_key,
)
state.key = instance_key
# there can be an existing state in the identity map
# that is replaced when the primary keys of two instances
# are swapped; see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py -> test_reverse
old = self.identity_map.replace(state)
if (
old is not None
and mapper._identity_key_from_state(old) == instance_key
and old.obj() is not None
):
util.warn(
"Identity map already had an identity for %s, "
"replacing it with newly flushed object. Are there "
"load operations occurring inside of an event handler "
"within the flush?" % (instance_key,)
)
state._orphaned_outside_of_session = False
statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
((state, state.dict) for state in states), self.identity_map
)
self._register_altered(states)
if pending_to_persistent is not None:
for state in states.intersection(self._new):
pending_to_persistent(self, state)
# remove from new last, might be the last strong ref
for state in set(states).intersection(self._new):
self._new.pop(state)
def _register_altered(self, states):
if self._enable_transaction_accounting and self.transaction:
for state in states:
if state in self._new:
self.transaction._new[state] = True
else:
self.transaction._dirty[state] = True
def _remove_newly_deleted(self, states):
persistent_to_deleted = self.dispatch.persistent_to_deleted or None
for state in states:
if self._enable_transaction_accounting and self.transaction:
self.transaction._deleted[state] = True
if persistent_to_deleted is not None:
# get a strong reference before we pop out of
# self._deleted
obj = state.obj() # noqa
self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
self._deleted.pop(state, None)
state._deleted = True
# can't call state._detach() here, because this state
# is still in the transaction snapshot and needs to be
# tracked as part of that
if persistent_to_deleted is not None:
persistent_to_deleted(self, state)
def add(self, instance, _warn=True):
"""Place an object in the ``Session``.
Its state will be persisted to the database on the next flush
operation.
Repeated calls to ``add()`` will be ignored. The opposite of ``add()``
is ``expunge()``.
"""
if _warn and self._warn_on_events:
self._flush_warning("Session.add()")
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance),
replace_context=err,
)
self._save_or_update_state(state)
def add_all(self, instances):
"""Add the given collection of instances to this ``Session``."""
if self._warn_on_events:
self._flush_warning("Session.add_all()")
for instance in instances:
self.add(instance, _warn=False)
def _save_or_update_state(self, state):
state._orphaned_outside_of_session = False
self._save_or_update_impl(state)
mapper = _state_mapper(state)
for o, m, st_, dct_ in mapper.cascade_iterator(
"save-update", state, halt_on=self._contains_state
):
self._save_or_update_impl(st_)
def delete(self, instance):
"""Mark an instance as deleted.
The database delete operation occurs upon ``flush()``.
"""
if self._warn_on_events:
self._flush_warning("Session.delete()")
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance),
replace_context=err,
)
self._delete_impl(state, instance, head=True)
def _delete_impl(self, state, obj, head):
if state.key is None:
if head:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Instance '%s' is not persisted" % state_str(state)
)
else:
return
to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
if state in self._deleted:
return
self.identity_map.add(state)
if to_attach:
self._after_attach(state, obj)
if head:
# grab the cascades before adding the item to the deleted list
# so that autoflush does not delete the item
# the strong reference to the instance itself is significant here
cascade_states = list(
state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("delete", state)
)
self._deleted[state] = obj
if head:
for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascade_states:
self._delete_impl(st_, o, False)
def merge(self, instance, load=True):
"""Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
within this :class:`.Session`.
:meth:`.Session.merge` examines the primary key attributes of the
source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the
same primary key in the session. If not found locally, it attempts
to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if
none can be located, creates a new instance. The state of each
attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target
instance. The resulting target instance is then returned by the
method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and
un-associated with the :class:`.Session` if not already.
This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is
mapped with ``cascade="merge"``.
See :ref:`unitofwork_merging` for a detailed discussion of merging.
.. versionchanged:: 1.1 - :meth:`.Session.merge` will now reconcile
pending objects with overlapping primary keys in the same way
as persistent. See :ref:`change_3601` for discussion.
:param instance: Instance to be merged.
:param load: Boolean, when False, :meth:`.merge` switches into
a "high performance" mode which causes it to forego emitting history
events as well as all database access. This flag is used for
cases such as transferring graphs of objects into a :class:`.Session`
from a second level cache, or to transfer just-loaded objects
into the :class:`.Session` owned by a worker thread or process
without re-querying the database.
The ``load=False`` use case adds the caveat that the given
object has to be in a "clean" state, that is, has no pending changes
to be flushed - even if the incoming object is detached from any
:class:`.Session`. This is so that when
the merge operation populates local attributes and
cascades to related objects and
collections, the values can be "stamped" onto the
target object as is, without generating any history or attribute
events, and without the need to reconcile the incoming data with
any existing related objects or collections that might not
be loaded. The resulting objects from ``load=False`` are always
produced as "clean", so it is only appropriate that the given objects
should be "clean" as well, else this suggests a mis-use of the
method.
.. seealso::
:func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - provides for an alternative
means of "merging" a single object into the :class:`.Session`
"""
if self._warn_on_events:
self._flush_warning("Session.merge()")
_recursive = {}
_resolve_conflict_map = {}
if load:
# flush current contents if we expect to load data
self._autoflush()
object_mapper(instance) # verify mapped
autoflush = self.autoflush
try:
self.autoflush = False
return self._merge(
attributes.instance_state(instance),
attributes.instance_dict(instance),
load=load,
_recursive=_recursive,
_resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
)
finally:
self.autoflush = autoflush
def _merge(
self,
state,
state_dict,
load=True,
_recursive=None,
_resolve_conflict_map=None,
):
mapper = _state_mapper(state)
if state in _recursive:
return _recursive[state]
new_instance = False
key = state.key
if key is None:
if state in self._new:
util.warn(
"Instance %s is already pending in this Session yet is "
"being merged again; this is probably not what you want "
"to do" % state_str(state)
)
if not load:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"merge() with load=False option does not support "
"objects transient (i.e. unpersisted) objects. flush() "
"all changes on mapped instances before merging with "
"load=False."
)
key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
key_is_persistent = attributes.NEVER_SET not in key[1] and (
not _none_set.intersection(key[1])
or (
mapper.allow_partial_pks
and not _none_set.issuperset(key[1])
)
)
else:
key_is_persistent = True
if key in self.identity_map:
try:
merged = self.identity_map[key]
except KeyError:
# object was GC'ed right as we checked for it
merged = None
else:
merged = None
if merged is None:
if key_is_persistent and key in _resolve_conflict_map:
merged = _resolve_conflict_map[key]
elif not load:
if state.modified:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"merge() with load=False option does not support "
"objects marked as 'dirty'. flush() all changes on "
"mapped instances before merging with load=False."
)
merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
merged_state.key = key
self._update_impl(merged_state)
new_instance = True
elif key_is_persistent:
merged = self.query(mapper.class_).get(key[1])
if merged is None:
merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
new_instance = True
self._save_or_update_state(merged_state)
else:
merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
_recursive[state] = merged
_resolve_conflict_map[key] = merged
# check that we didn't just pull the exact same
# state out.
if state is not merged_state:
# version check if applicable
if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
existing_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
state,
state_dict,
mapper.version_id_col,
passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
)
merged_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
merged_state,
merged_dict,
mapper.version_id_col,
passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
)
if (
existing_version is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
and merged_version is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
and existing_version != merged_version
):
raise exc.StaleDataError(
"Version id '%s' on merged state %s "
"does not match existing version '%s'. "
"Leave the version attribute unset when "
"merging to update the most recent version."
% (
existing_version,
state_str(merged_state),
merged_version,
)
)
merged_state.load_path = state.load_path
merged_state.load_options = state.load_options
# since we are copying load_options, we need to copy
# the callables_ that would have been generated by those
# load_options.
# assumes that the callables we put in state.callables_
# are not instance-specific (which they should not be)
merged_state._copy_callables(state)
for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
prop.merge(
self,
state,
state_dict,
merged_state,
merged_dict,
load,
_recursive,
_resolve_conflict_map,
)
if not load:
# remove any history
merged_state._commit_all(merged_dict, self.identity_map)
if new_instance:
merged_state.manager.dispatch.load(merged_state, None)
return merged
def _validate_persistent(self, state):
if not self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Instance '%s' is not persistent within this Session"
% state_str(state)
)
def _save_impl(self, state):
if state.key is not None:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Object '%s' already has an identity - "
"it can't be registered as pending" % state_str(state)
)
obj = state.obj()
to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
if state not in self._new:
self._new[state] = obj
state.insert_order = len(self._new)
if to_attach:
self._after_attach(state, obj)
def _update_impl(self, state, revert_deletion=False):
if state.key is None:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Instance '%s' is not persisted" % state_str(state)
)
if state._deleted:
if revert_deletion:
if not state._attached:
return
del state._deleted
else:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Instance '%s' has been deleted. "
"Use the make_transient() "
"function to send this object back "
"to the transient state." % state_str(state)
)
obj = state.obj()
# check for late gc
if obj is None:
return
to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
self._deleted.pop(state, None)
if revert_deletion:
self.identity_map.replace(state)
else:
self.identity_map.add(state)
if to_attach:
self._after_attach(state, obj)
elif revert_deletion:
self.dispatch.deleted_to_persistent(self, state)
def _save_or_update_impl(self, state):
if state.key is None:
self._save_impl(state)
else:
self._update_impl(state)
def enable_relationship_loading(self, obj):
"""Associate an object with this :class:`.Session` for related
object loading.
.. warning::
:meth:`.enable_relationship_loading` exists to serve special
use cases and is not recommended for general use.
Accesses of attributes mapped with :func:`_orm.relationship`
will attempt to load a value from the database using this
:class:`.Session` as the source of connectivity. The values
will be loaded based on foreign key and primary key values
present on this object - if not present, then those relationships
will be unavailable.
The object will be attached to this session, but will
**not** participate in any persistence operations; its state
for almost all purposes will remain either "transient" or
"detached", except for the case of relationship loading.
Also note that backrefs will often not work as expected.
Altering a relationship-bound attribute on the target object
may not fire off a backref event, if the effective value
is what was already loaded from a foreign-key-holding value.
The :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` method is
similar to the ``load_on_pending`` flag on :func:`_orm.relationship`.
Unlike that flag, :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` allows
an object to remain transient while still being able to load
related items.
To make a transient object associated with a :class:`.Session`
via :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` pending, add
it to the :class:`.Session` using :meth:`.Session.add` normally.
If the object instead represents an existing identity in the database,
it should be merged using :meth:`.Session.merge`.
:meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` does not improve
behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
that they are present in an ordinary way before flush()
proceeds. This method is not intended for general use.
.. seealso::
:paramref:`_orm.relationship.load_on_pending` - this flag
allows per-relationship loading of many-to-ones on items that
are pending.
:func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - allows for an object to
be added to a :class:`.Session` without SQL emitted, which then
will unexpire attributes on access.
"""
state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
state._load_pending = True
if to_attach:
self._after_attach(state, obj)
def _before_attach(self, state, obj):
if state.session_id == self.hash_key:
return False
if state.session_id and state.session_id in _sessions:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Object '%s' is already attached to session '%s' "
"(this is '%s')"
% (state_str(state), state.session_id, self.hash_key)
)
self.dispatch.before_attach(self, state)
return True
def _after_attach(self, state, obj):
state.session_id = self.hash_key
if state.modified and state._strong_obj is None:
state._strong_obj = obj
self.dispatch.after_attach(self, state)
if state.key:
self.dispatch.detached_to_persistent(self, state)
else:
self.dispatch.transient_to_pending(self, state)
def __contains__(self, instance):
"""Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
result of True.
"""
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance),
replace_context=err,
)
return self._contains_state(state)
def __iter__(self):
"""Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
Session.
"""
return iter(
list(self._new.values()) + list(self.identity_map.values())
)
def _contains_state(self, state):
return state in self._new or self.identity_map.contains_state(state)
def flush(self, objects=None):
"""Flush all the object changes to the database.
Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications
to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc. Operations are
automatically ordered by the Session's unit of work dependency
solver.
Database operations will be issued in the current transactional
context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an
error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back.
You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move
changes from Python to the database's transaction buffer.
For ``autocommit`` Sessions with no active manual transaction, flush()
will create a transaction on the fly that surrounds the entire set of
operations into the flush.
:param objects: Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate
only on elements that are in the given collection.
This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where
particular objects may need to be operated upon before the
full flush() occurs. It is not intended for general use.
"""
if self._flushing:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Session is already flushing")
if self._is_clean():
return
try:
self._flushing = True
self._flush(objects)
finally:
self._flushing = False
def _flush_warning(self, method):
util.warn(
"Usage of the '%s' operation is not currently supported "
"within the execution stage of the flush process. "
"Results may not be consistent. Consider using alternative "
"event listeners or connection-level operations instead." % method
)
def _is_clean(self):
return (
not self.identity_map.check_modified()
and not self._deleted
and not self._new
)
def _flush(self, objects=None):
dirty = self._dirty_states
if not dirty and not self._deleted and not self._new:
self.identity_map._modified.clear()
return
flush_context = UOWTransaction(self)
if self.dispatch.before_flush:
self.dispatch.before_flush(self, flush_context, objects)
# re-establish "dirty states" in case the listeners
# added
dirty = self._dirty_states
deleted = set(self._deleted)
new = set(self._new)
dirty = set(dirty).difference(deleted)
# create the set of all objects we want to operate upon
if objects:
# specific list passed in
objset = set()
for o in objects:
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(o)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(o),
replace_context=err,
)
objset.add(state)
else:
objset = None
# store objects whose fate has been decided
processed = set()
# put all saves/updates into the flush context. detect top-level
# orphans and throw them into deleted.
if objset:
proc = new.union(dirty).intersection(objset).difference(deleted)
else:
proc = new.union(dirty).difference(deleted)
for state in proc:
is_orphan = _state_mapper(state)._is_orphan(state)
is_persistent_orphan = is_orphan and state.has_identity
if (
is_orphan
and not is_persistent_orphan
and state._orphaned_outside_of_session
):
self._expunge_states([state])
else:
_reg = flush_context.register_object(
state, isdelete=is_persistent_orphan
)
assert _reg, "Failed to add object to the flush context!"
processed.add(state)
# put all remaining deletes into the flush context.
if objset:
proc = deleted.intersection(objset).difference(processed)
else:
proc = deleted.difference(processed)
for state in proc:
_reg = flush_context.register_object(state, isdelete=True)
assert _reg, "Failed to add object to the flush context!"
if not flush_context.has_work:
return
flush_context.transaction = transaction = self.begin(
subtransactions=True
)
try:
self._warn_on_events = True
try:
flush_context.execute()
finally:
self._warn_on_events = False
self.dispatch.after_flush(self, flush_context)
flush_context.finalize_flush_changes()
if not objects and self.identity_map._modified:
len_ = len(self.identity_map._modified)
statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
[
(state, state.dict)
for state in self.identity_map._modified
],
instance_dict=self.identity_map,
)
util.warn(
"Attribute history events accumulated on %d "
"previously clean instances "
"within inner-flush event handlers have been "
"reset, and will not result in database updates. "
"Consider using set_committed_value() within "
"inner-flush event handlers to avoid this warning." % len_
)
# useful assertions:
# if not objects:
# assert not self.identity_map._modified
# else:
# assert self.identity_map._modified == \
# self.identity_map._modified.difference(objects)
self.dispatch.after_flush_postexec(self, flush_context)
transaction.commit()
except:
with util.safe_reraise():
transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
def bulk_save_objects(
self,
objects,
return_defaults=False,
update_changed_only=True,
preserve_order=True,
):
"""Perform a bulk save of the given list of objects.
The bulk save feature allows mapped objects to be used as the
source of simple INSERT and UPDATE operations which can be more easily
grouped together into higher performing "executemany"
operations; the extraction of data from the objects is also performed
using a lower-latency process that ignores whether or not attributes
have actually been modified in the case of UPDATEs, and also ignores
SQL expressions.
The objects as given are not added to the session and no additional
state is established on them, unless the ``return_defaults`` flag
is also set, in which case primary key attributes and server-side
default values will be populated.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
.. warning::
The bulk save feature allows for a lower-latency INSERT/UPDATE
of rows at the expense of most other unit-of-work features.
Features such as object management, relationship handling,
and SQL clause support are **silently omitted** in favor of raw
INSERT/UPDATES of records.
**Please read the list of caveats at**
:ref:`bulk_operations_caveats` **before using this method, and
fully test and confirm the functionality of all code developed
using these systems.**
:param objects: a sequence of mapped object instances. The mapped
objects are persisted as is, and are **not** associated with the
:class:`.Session` afterwards.
For each object, whether the object is sent as an INSERT or an
UPDATE is dependent on the same rules used by the :class:`.Session`
in traditional operation; if the object has the
:attr:`.InstanceState.key`
attribute set, then the object is assumed to be "detached" and
will result in an UPDATE. Otherwise, an INSERT is used.
In the case of an UPDATE, statements are grouped based on which
attributes have changed, and are thus to be the subject of each
SET clause. If ``update_changed_only`` is False, then all
attributes present within each object are applied to the UPDATE
statement, which may help in allowing the statements to be grouped
together into a larger executemany(), and will also reduce the
overhead of checking history on attributes.
:param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
is available. In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
to provide primary key values ahead of time; however,
:paramref:`.Session.bulk_save_objects.return_defaults` **greatly
reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.
:param update_changed_only: when True, UPDATE statements are rendered
based on those attributes in each state that have logged changes.
When False, all attributes present are rendered into the SET clause
with the exception of primary key attributes.
:param preserve_order: when True, the order of inserts and updates
matches exactly the order in which the objects are given. When
False, common types of objects are grouped into inserts
and updates, to allow for more batching opportunities.
.. versionadded:: 1.3
.. seealso::
:ref:`bulk_operations`
:meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
:meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
"""
def key(state):
return (state.mapper, state.key is not None)
obj_states = (attributes.instance_state(obj) for obj in objects)
if not preserve_order:
obj_states = sorted(obj_states, key=key)
for (mapper, isupdate), states in itertools.groupby(obj_states, key):
self._bulk_save_mappings(
mapper,
states,
isupdate,
True,
return_defaults,
update_changed_only,
False,
)
def bulk_insert_mappings(
self, mapper, mappings, return_defaults=False, render_nulls=False
):
"""Perform a bulk insert of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
The bulk insert feature allows plain Python dictionaries to be used as
the source of simple INSERT operations which can be more easily
grouped together into higher performing "executemany"
operations. Using dictionaries, there is no "history" or session
state management features in use, reducing latency when inserting
large numbers of simple rows.
The values within the dictionaries as given are typically passed
without modification into Core :meth:`_expression.Insert` constructs,
after
organizing the values within them across the tables to which
the given mapper is mapped.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
.. warning::
The bulk insert feature allows for a lower-latency INSERT
of rows at the expense of most other unit-of-work features.
Features such as object management, relationship handling,
and SQL clause support are **silently omitted** in favor of raw
INSERT of records.
**Please read the list of caveats at**
:ref:`bulk_operations_caveats` **before using this method, and
fully test and confirm the functionality of all code developed
using these systems.**
:param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
object,
representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
list.
:param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
state of the mapped row to be inserted, in terms of the attribute
names on the mapped class. If the mapping refers to multiple tables,
such as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary must contain all
keys to be populated into all tables.
:param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
is available. In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
to provide primary
key values ahead of time; however,
:paramref:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings.return_defaults`
**greatly reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.
If the rows
to be inserted only refer to a single table, then there is no
reason this flag should be set as the returned default information
is not used.
:param render_nulls: When True, a value of ``None`` will result
in a NULL value being included in the INSERT statement, rather
than the column being omitted from the INSERT. This allows all
the rows being INSERTed to have the identical set of columns which
allows the full set of rows to be batched to the DBAPI. Normally,
each column-set that contains a different combination of NULL values
than the previous row must omit a different series of columns from
the rendered INSERT statement, which means it must be emitted as a
separate statement. By passing this flag, the full set of rows
are guaranteed to be batchable into one batch; the cost however is
that server-side defaults which are invoked by an omitted column will
be skipped, so care must be taken to ensure that these are not
necessary.
.. warning::
When this flag is set, **server side default SQL values will
not be invoked** for those columns that are inserted as NULL;
the NULL value will be sent explicitly. Care must be taken
to ensure that no server-side default functions need to be
invoked for the operation as a whole.
.. versionadded:: 1.1
.. seealso::
:ref:`bulk_operations`
:meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
:meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
"""
self._bulk_save_mappings(
mapper,
mappings,
False,
False,
return_defaults,
False,
render_nulls,
)
def bulk_update_mappings(self, mapper, mappings):
"""Perform a bulk update of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
The bulk update feature allows plain Python dictionaries to be used as
the source of simple UPDATE operations which can be more easily
grouped together into higher performing "executemany"
operations. Using dictionaries, there is no "history" or session
state management features in use, reducing latency when updating
large numbers of simple rows.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
.. warning::
The bulk update feature allows for a lower-latency UPDATE
of rows at the expense of most other unit-of-work features.
Features such as object management, relationship handling,
and SQL clause support are **silently omitted** in favor of raw
UPDATES of records.
**Please read the list of caveats at**
:ref:`bulk_operations_caveats` **before using this method, and
fully test and confirm the functionality of all code developed
using these systems.**
:param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
object,
representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
list.
:param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
state of the mapped row to be updated, in terms of the attribute names
on the mapped class. If the mapping refers to multiple tables, such
as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary may contain keys
corresponding to all tables. All those keys which are present and
are not part of the primary key are applied to the SET clause of the
UPDATE statement; the primary key values, which are required, are
applied to the WHERE clause.
.. seealso::
:ref:`bulk_operations`
:meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
:meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
"""
self._bulk_save_mappings(
mapper, mappings, True, False, False, False, False
)
def _bulk_save_mappings(
self,
mapper,
mappings,
isupdate,
isstates,
return_defaults,
update_changed_only,
render_nulls,
):
mapper = _class_to_mapper(mapper)
self._flushing = True
transaction = self.begin(subtransactions=True)
try:
if isupdate:
persistence._bulk_update(
mapper,
mappings,
transaction,
isstates,
update_changed_only,
)
else:
persistence._bulk_insert(
mapper,
mappings,
transaction,
isstates,
return_defaults,
render_nulls,
)
transaction.commit()
except:
with util.safe_reraise():
transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
finally:
self._flushing = False
@util.deprecated_params(
passive=(
"0.8",
"The :paramref:`.Session.is_modified.passive` flag is deprecated "
"and will be removed in a future release. The flag is no longer "
"used and is ignored.",
)
)
def is_modified(self, instance, include_collections=True, passive=None):
r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
modified attributes.
This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
value to its previously committed value, if any.
It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
version of checking for the given instance in the
:attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
E.g.::
return session.is_modified(someobject)
A few caveats to this method apply:
* Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
report ``False`` when tested with this method. This is because
the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
change here.
* Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
object references that are not a simple many-to-one. To set this
flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
argument with :func:`.column_property`.
:param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
:param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
should be included in the operation. Setting this to ``False`` is a
way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
instance upon flush.
:param passive: not used
"""
state = object_state(instance)
if not state.modified:
return False
dict_ = state.dict
for attr in state.manager.attributes:
if (
not include_collections
and hasattr(attr.impl, "get_collection")
) or not hasattr(attr.impl, "get_history"):
continue
(added, unchanged, deleted) = attr.impl.get_history(
state, dict_, passive=attributes.NO_CHANGE
)
if added or deleted:
return True
else:
return False
@property
def is_active(self):
"""True if this :class:`.Session` is in "transaction mode" and
is not in "partial rollback" state.
The :class:`.Session` in its default mode of ``autocommit=False``
is essentially always in "transaction mode", in that a
:class:`.SessionTransaction` is associated with it as soon as
it is instantiated. This :class:`.SessionTransaction` is immediately
replaced with a new one as soon as it is ended, due to a rollback,
commit, or close operation.
"Transaction mode" does *not* indicate whether
or not actual database connection resources are in use; the
:class:`.SessionTransaction` object coordinates among zero or more
actual database transactions, and starts out with none, accumulating
individual DBAPI connections as different data sources are used
within its scope. The best way to track when a particular
:class:`.Session` has actually begun to use DBAPI resources is to
implement a listener using the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_begin`
method, which will deliver both the :class:`.Session` as well as the
target :class:`_engine.Connection` to a user-defined event listener.
The "partial rollback" state refers to when an "inner" transaction,
typically used during a flush, encounters an error and emits a
rollback of the DBAPI connection. At this point, the
:class:`.Session` is in "partial rollback" and awaits for the user to
call :meth:`.Session.rollback`, in order to close out the
transaction stack. It is in this "partial rollback" period that the
:attr:`.is_active` flag returns False. After the call to
:meth:`.Session.rollback`, the :class:`.SessionTransaction` is
replaced with a new one and :attr:`.is_active` returns ``True`` again.
When a :class:`.Session` is used in ``autocommit=True`` mode, the
:class:`.SessionTransaction` is only instantiated within the scope
of a flush call, or when :meth:`.Session.begin` is called. So
:attr:`.is_active` will always be ``False`` outside of a flush or
:meth:`.Session.begin` block in this mode, and will be ``True``
within the :meth:`.Session.begin` block as long as it doesn't enter
"partial rollback" state.
From all the above, it follows that the only purpose to this flag is
for application frameworks that wish to detect if a "rollback" is
necessary within a generic error handling routine, for
:class:`.Session` objects that would otherwise be in
"partial rollback" mode. In a typical integration case, this is also
not necessary as it is standard practice to emit
:meth:`.Session.rollback` unconditionally within the outermost
exception catch.
To track the transactional state of a :class:`.Session` fully,
use event listeners, primarily the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_begin`,
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_commit`,
:meth:`.SessionEvents.after_rollback` and related events.
"""
return self.transaction and self.transaction.is_active
identity_map = None
"""A mapping of object identities to objects themselves.
Iterating through ``Session.identity_map.values()`` provides
access to the full set of persistent objects (i.e., those
that have row identity) currently in the session.
.. seealso::
:func:`.identity_key` - helper function to produce the keys used
in this dictionary.
"""
@property
def _dirty_states(self):
"""The set of all persistent states considered dirty.
This method returns all states that were modified including
those that were possibly deleted.
"""
return self.identity_map._dirty_states()
@property
def dirty(self):
"""The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
E.g.::
some_mapped_object in session.dirty
Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
deleted.
Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
there is no net change to the attribute's value. At flush
time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
it's only done at flush time).
To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
"""
return util.IdentitySet(
[
state.obj()
for state in self._dirty_states
if state not in self._deleted
]
)
@property
def deleted(self):
"The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``"
return util.IdentitySet(list(self._deleted.values()))
@property
def new(self):
"The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``."
return util.IdentitySet(list(self._new.values()))
class sessionmaker(_SessionClassMethods):
"""A configurable :class:`.Session` factory.
The :class:`.sessionmaker` factory generates new
:class:`.Session` objects when called, creating them given
the configurational arguments established here.
e.g.::
# global scope
Session = sessionmaker(autoflush=False)
# later, in a local scope, create and use a session:
sess = Session()
Any keyword arguments sent to the constructor itself will override the
"configured" keywords::
Session = sessionmaker()
# bind an individual session to a connection
sess = Session(bind=connection)
The class also includes a method :meth:`.configure`, which can
be used to specify additional keyword arguments to the factory, which
will take effect for subsequent :class:`.Session` objects generated.
This is usually used to associate one or more :class:`_engine.Engine`
objects
with an existing :class:`.sessionmaker` factory before it is first
used::
# application starts
Session = sessionmaker()
# ... later
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///foo.db')
Session.configure(bind=engine)
sess = Session()
.. seealso::
:ref:`session_getting` - introductory text on creating
sessions using :class:`.sessionmaker`.
"""
def __init__(
self,
bind=None,
class_=Session,
autoflush=True,
autocommit=False,
expire_on_commit=True,
info=None,
**kw
):
r"""Construct a new :class:`.sessionmaker`.
All arguments here except for ``class_`` correspond to arguments
accepted by :class:`.Session` directly. See the
:meth:`.Session.__init__` docstring for more details on parameters.
:param bind: a :class:`_engine.Engine` or other :class:`.Connectable`
with
which newly created :class:`.Session` objects will be associated.
:param class\_: class to use in order to create new :class:`.Session`
objects. Defaults to :class:`.Session`.
:param autoflush: The autoflush setting to use with newly created
:class:`.Session` objects.
:param autocommit: The autocommit setting to use with newly created
:class:`.Session` objects.
:param expire_on_commit=True: the
:paramref:`_orm.Session.expire_on_commit` setting to use
with newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
:param info: optional dictionary of information that will be available
via :attr:`.Session.info`. Note this dictionary is *updated*, not
replaced, when the ``info`` parameter is specified to the specific
:class:`.Session` construction operation.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.0
:param \**kw: all other keyword arguments are passed to the
constructor of newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
"""
kw["bind"] = bind
kw["autoflush"] = autoflush
kw["autocommit"] = autocommit
kw["expire_on_commit"] = expire_on_commit
if info is not None:
kw["info"] = info
self.kw = kw
# make our own subclass of the given class, so that
# events can be associated with it specifically.
self.class_ = type(class_.__name__, (class_,), {})
def __call__(self, **local_kw):
"""Produce a new :class:`.Session` object using the configuration
established in this :class:`.sessionmaker`.
In Python, the ``__call__`` method is invoked on an object when
it is "called" in the same way as a function::
Session = sessionmaker()
session = Session() # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
"""
for k, v in self.kw.items():
if k == "info" and "info" in local_kw:
d = v.copy()
d.update(local_kw["info"])
local_kw["info"] = d
else:
local_kw.setdefault(k, v)
return self.class_(**local_kw)
def configure(self, **new_kw):
"""(Re)configure the arguments for this sessionmaker.
e.g.::
Session = sessionmaker()
Session.configure(bind=create_engine('sqlite://'))
"""
self.kw.update(new_kw)
def __repr__(self):
return "%s(class_=%r, %s)" % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.class_.__name__,
", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.kw.items()),
)
def close_all_sessions():
"""Close all sessions in memory.
This function consults a global registry of all :class:`.Session` objects
and calls :meth:`.Session.close` on them, which resets them to a clean
state.
This function is not for general use but may be useful for test suites
within the teardown scheme.
.. versionadded:: 1.3
"""
for sess in _sessions.values():
sess.close()
def make_transient(instance):
"""Alter the state of the given instance so that it is :term:`transient`.
.. note::
:func:`.make_transient` is a special-case function for
advanced use cases only.
The given mapped instance is assumed to be in the :term:`persistent` or
:term:`detached` state. The function will remove its association with any
:class:`.Session` as well as its :attr:`.InstanceState.identity`. The
effect is that the object will behave as though it were newly constructed,
except retaining any attribute / collection values that were loaded at the
time of the call. The :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` flag is also reset
if this object had been deleted as a result of using
:meth:`.Session.delete`.
.. warning::
:func:`.make_transient` does **not** "unexpire" or otherwise eagerly
load ORM-mapped attributes that are not currently loaded at the time
the function is called. This includes attributes which:
* were expired via :meth:`.Session.expire`
* were expired as the natural effect of committing a session
transaction, e.g. :meth:`.Session.commit`
* are normally :term:`lazy loaded` but are not currently loaded
* are "deferred" via :ref:`deferred` and are not yet loaded
* were not present in the query which loaded this object, such as that
which is common in joined table inheritance and other scenarios.
After :func:`.make_transient` is called, unloaded attributes such
as those above will normally resolve to the value ``None`` when
accessed, or an empty collection for a collection-oriented attribute.
As the object is transient and un-associated with any database
identity, it will no longer retrieve these values.
.. seealso::
:func:`.make_transient_to_detached`
"""
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
s = _state_session(state)
if s:
s._expunge_states([state])
# remove expired state
state.expired_attributes.clear()
# remove deferred callables
if state.callables:
del state.callables
if state.key:
del state.key
if state._deleted:
del state._deleted
def make_transient_to_detached(instance):
"""Make the given transient instance :term:`detached`.
.. note::
:func:`.make_transient_to_detached` is a special-case function for
advanced use cases only.
All attribute history on the given instance
will be reset as though the instance were freshly loaded
from a query. Missing attributes will be marked as expired.
The primary key attributes of the object, which are required, will be made
into the "key" of the instance.
The object can then be added to a session, or merged
possibly with the load=False flag, at which point it will look
as if it were loaded that way, without emitting SQL.
This is a special use case function that differs from a normal
call to :meth:`.Session.merge` in that a given persistent state
can be manufactured without any SQL calls.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.5
.. seealso::
:func:`.make_transient`
:meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading`
"""
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
if state.session_id or state.key:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Given object must be transient")
state.key = state.mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
if state._deleted:
del state._deleted
state._commit_all(state.dict)
state._expire_attributes(state.dict, state.unloaded_expirable)
def object_session(instance):
"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which the given instance belongs.
This is essentially the same as the :attr:`.InstanceState.session`
accessor. See that attribute for details.
"""
try:
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
except exc.NO_STATE as err:
util.raise_(
exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance),
replace_context=err,
)
else:
return _state_session(state)
_new_sessionid = util.counter()