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import abc
import collections
import collections.abc
import operator
import sys
import typing
# After PEP 560, internal typing API was substantially reworked.
# This is especially important for Protocol class which uses internal APIs
# quite extensively.
PEP_560 = sys.version_info[:3] >= (3, 7, 0)
if PEP_560:
GenericMeta = type
else:
# 3.6
from typing import GenericMeta, _type_vars # noqa
# The two functions below are copies of typing internal helpers.
# They are needed by _ProtocolMeta
def _no_slots_copy(dct):
dict_copy = dict(dct)
if '__slots__' in dict_copy:
for slot in dict_copy['__slots__']:
dict_copy.pop(slot, None)
return dict_copy
def _check_generic(cls, parameters):
if not cls.__parameters__:
raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
alen = len(parameters)
elen = len(cls.__parameters__)
if alen != elen:
raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} arguments for {cls};"
f" actual {alen}, expected {elen}")
# Please keep __all__ alphabetized within each category.
__all__ = [
# Super-special typing primitives.
'ClassVar',
'Concatenate',
'Final',
'ParamSpec',
'Self',
'Type',
# ABCs (from collections.abc).
'Awaitable',
'AsyncIterator',
'AsyncIterable',
'Coroutine',
'AsyncGenerator',
'AsyncContextManager',
'ChainMap',
# Concrete collection types.
'ContextManager',
'Counter',
'Deque',
'DefaultDict',
'OrderedDict',
'TypedDict',
# Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
'SupportsIndex',
# One-off things.
'Annotated',
'final',
'IntVar',
'Literal',
'NewType',
'overload',
'Protocol',
'runtime',
'runtime_checkable',
'Text',
'TypeAlias',
'TypeGuard',
'TYPE_CHECKING',
]
if PEP_560:
__all__.extend(["get_args", "get_origin", "get_type_hints"])
# 3.6.2+
if hasattr(typing, 'NoReturn'):
NoReturn = typing.NoReturn
# 3.6.0-3.6.1
else:
class _NoReturn(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
"""Special type indicating functions that never return.
Example::
from typing import NoReturn
def stop() -> NoReturn:
raise Exception('no way')
This type is invalid in other positions, e.g., ``List[NoReturn]``
will fail in static type checkers.
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
raise TypeError("NoReturn cannot be used with isinstance().")
def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
raise TypeError("NoReturn cannot be used with issubclass().")
NoReturn = _NoReturn(_root=True)
# Some unconstrained type variables. These are used by the container types.
# (These are not for export.)
T = typing.TypeVar('T') # Any type.
KT = typing.TypeVar('KT') # Key type.
VT = typing.TypeVar('VT') # Value type.
T_co = typing.TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True) # Any type covariant containers.
T_contra = typing.TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True) # Ditto contravariant.
ClassVar = typing.ClassVar
# On older versions of typing there is an internal class named "Final".
# 3.8+
if hasattr(typing, 'Final') and sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
Final = typing.Final
# 3.7
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
class _FinalForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
def __getitem__(self, parameters):
item = typing._type_check(parameters,
f'{self._name} accepts only single type')
return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
Final = _FinalForm('Final',
doc="""A special typing construct to indicate that a name
cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
For example:
MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
MAX_SIZE += 1 # Error reported by type checker
class Connection:
TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
class FastConnector(Connection):
TIMEOUT = 1 # Error reported by type checker
There is no runtime checking of these properties.""")
# 3.6
else:
class _Final(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
"""A special typing construct to indicate that a name
cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
For example:
MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
MAX_SIZE += 1 # Error reported by type checker
class Connection:
TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
class FastConnector(Connection):
TIMEOUT = 1 # Error reported by type checker
There is no runtime checking of these properties.
"""
__slots__ = ('__type__',)
def __init__(self, tp=None, **kwds):
self.__type__ = tp
def __getitem__(self, item):
cls = type(self)
if self.__type__ is None:
return cls(typing._type_check(item,
f'{cls.__name__[1:]} accepts only single type.'),
_root=True)
raise TypeError(f'{cls.__name__[1:]} cannot be further subscripted')
def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
new_tp = typing._eval_type(self.__type__, globalns, localns)
if new_tp == self.__type__:
return self
return type(self)(new_tp, _root=True)
def __repr__(self):
r = super().__repr__()
if self.__type__ is not None:
r += f'[{typing._type_repr(self.__type__)}]'
return r
def __hash__(self):
return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__type__))
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, _Final):
return NotImplemented
if self.__type__ is not None:
return self.__type__ == other.__type__
return self is other
Final = _Final(_root=True)
# 3.8+
if hasattr(typing, 'final'):
final = typing.final
# 3.6-3.7
else:
def final(f):
"""This decorator can be used to indicate to type checkers that
the decorated method cannot be overridden, and decorated class
cannot be subclassed. For example:
class Base:
@final
def done(self) -> None:
...
class Sub(Base):
def done(self) -> None: # Error reported by type checker
...
@final
class Leaf:
...
class Other(Leaf): # Error reported by type checker
...
There is no runtime checking of these properties.
"""
return f
def IntVar(name):
return typing.TypeVar(name)
# 3.8+:
if hasattr(typing, 'Literal'):
Literal = typing.Literal
# 3.7:
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
class _LiteralForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
def __getitem__(self, parameters):
return typing._GenericAlias(self, parameters)
Literal = _LiteralForm('Literal',
doc="""A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers
that the corresponding value has a value literally equivalent
to the provided parameter. For example:
var: Literal[4] = 4
The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to
the value 4 and no other value.
Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime
checking verifying that the parameter is actually a value
instead of a type.""")
# 3.6:
else:
class _Literal(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
"""A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers that the
corresponding value has a value literally equivalent to the
provided parameter. For example:
var: Literal[4] = 4
The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to the
value 4 and no other value.
Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime checking
verifying that the parameter is actually a value instead of a type.
"""
__slots__ = ('__values__',)
def __init__(self, values=None, **kwds):
self.__values__ = values
def __getitem__(self, values):
cls = type(self)
if self.__values__ is None:
if not isinstance(values, tuple):
values = (values,)
return cls(values, _root=True)
raise TypeError(f'{cls.__name__[1:]} cannot be further subscripted')
def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
return self
def __repr__(self):
r = super().__repr__()
if self.__values__ is not None:
r += f'[{", ".join(map(typing._type_repr, self.__values__))}]'
return r
def __hash__(self):
return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__values__))
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, _Literal):
return NotImplemented
if self.__values__ is not None:
return self.__values__ == other.__values__
return self is other
Literal = _Literal(_root=True)
_overload_dummy = typing._overload_dummy # noqa
overload = typing.overload
# This is not a real generic class. Don't use outside annotations.
Type = typing.Type
# Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc.
# A few are simply re-exported for completeness.
class _ExtensionsGenericMeta(GenericMeta):
def __subclasscheck__(self, subclass):
"""This mimics a more modern GenericMeta.__subclasscheck__() logic
(that does not have problems with recursion) to work around interactions
between collections, typing, and typing_extensions on older
versions of Python, see https://github.com/python/typing/issues/501.
"""
if self.__origin__ is not None:
if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] not in ['abc', 'functools']:
raise TypeError("Parameterized generics cannot be used with class "
"or instance checks")
return False
if not self.__extra__:
return super().__subclasscheck__(subclass)
res = self.__extra__.__subclasshook__(subclass)
if res is not NotImplemented:
return res
if self.__extra__ in subclass.__mro__:
return True
for scls in self.__extra__.__subclasses__():
if isinstance(scls, GenericMeta):
continue
if issubclass(subclass, scls):
return True
return False
Awaitable = typing.Awaitable
Coroutine = typing.Coroutine
AsyncIterable = typing.AsyncIterable
AsyncIterator = typing.AsyncIterator
# 3.6.1+
if hasattr(typing, 'Deque'):
Deque = typing.Deque
# 3.6.0
else:
class Deque(collections.deque, typing.MutableSequence[T],
metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
extra=collections.deque):
__slots__ = ()
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
if cls._gorg is Deque:
return collections.deque(*args, **kwds)
return typing._generic_new(collections.deque, cls, *args, **kwds)
ContextManager = typing.ContextManager
# 3.6.2+
if hasattr(typing, 'AsyncContextManager'):
AsyncContextManager = typing.AsyncContextManager
# 3.6.0-3.6.1
else:
from _collections_abc import _check_methods as _check_methods_in_mro # noqa
class AsyncContextManager(typing.Generic[T_co]):
__slots__ = ()
async def __aenter__(self):
return self
@abc.abstractmethod
async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
return None
@classmethod
def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
if cls is AsyncContextManager:
return _check_methods_in_mro(C, "__aenter__", "__aexit__")
return NotImplemented
DefaultDict = typing.DefaultDict
# 3.7.2+
if hasattr(typing, 'OrderedDict'):
OrderedDict = typing.OrderedDict
# 3.7.0-3.7.2
elif (3, 7, 0) <= sys.version_info[:3] < (3, 7, 2):
OrderedDict = typing._alias(collections.OrderedDict, (KT, VT))
# 3.6
else:
class OrderedDict(collections.OrderedDict, typing.MutableMapping[KT, VT],
metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
extra=collections.OrderedDict):
__slots__ = ()
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
if cls._gorg is OrderedDict:
return collections.OrderedDict(*args, **kwds)
return typing._generic_new(collections.OrderedDict, cls, *args, **kwds)
# 3.6.2+
if hasattr(typing, 'Counter'):
Counter = typing.Counter
# 3.6.0-3.6.1
else:
class Counter(collections.Counter,
typing.Dict[T, int],
metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta, extra=collections.Counter):
__slots__ = ()
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
if cls._gorg is Counter:
return collections.Counter(*args, **kwds)
return typing._generic_new(collections.Counter, cls, *args, **kwds)
# 3.6.1+
if hasattr(typing, 'ChainMap'):
ChainMap = typing.ChainMap
elif hasattr(collections, 'ChainMap'):
class ChainMap(collections.ChainMap, typing.MutableMapping[KT, VT],
metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
extra=collections.ChainMap):
__slots__ = ()
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
if cls._gorg is ChainMap:
return collections.ChainMap(*args, **kwds)
return typing._generic_new(collections.ChainMap, cls, *args, **kwds)
# 3.6.1+
if hasattr(typing, 'AsyncGenerator'):
AsyncGenerator = typing.AsyncGenerator
# 3.6.0
else:
class AsyncGenerator(AsyncIterator[T_co], typing.Generic[T_co, T_contra],
metaclass=_ExtensionsGenericMeta,
extra=collections.abc.AsyncGenerator):
__slots__ = ()
NewType = typing.NewType
Text = typing.Text
TYPE_CHECKING = typing.TYPE_CHECKING
def _gorg(cls):
"""This function exists for compatibility with old typing versions."""
assert isinstance(cls, GenericMeta)
if hasattr(cls, '_gorg'):
return cls._gorg
while cls.__origin__ is not None:
cls = cls.__origin__
return cls
_PROTO_WHITELIST = ['Callable', 'Awaitable',
'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable', 'AsyncIterator',
'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible',
'ContextManager', 'AsyncContextManager']
def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
attrs = set()
for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]: # without object
if base.__name__ in ('Protocol', 'Generic'):
continue
annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
for attr in list(base.__dict__.keys()) + list(annotations.keys()):
if (not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in (
'__abstractmethods__', '__annotations__', '__weakref__',
'_is_protocol', '_is_runtime_protocol', '__dict__',
'__args__', '__slots__',
'__next_in_mro__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
'__orig_bases__', '__extra__', '__tree_hash__',
'__doc__', '__subclasshook__', '__init__', '__new__',
'__module__', '_MutableMapping__marker', '_gorg')):
attrs.add(attr)
return attrs
def _is_callable_members_only(cls):
return all(callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls))
# 3.8+
if hasattr(typing, 'Protocol'):
Protocol = typing.Protocol
# 3.7
elif PEP_560:
from typing import _collect_type_vars # noqa
def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
if type(self)._is_protocol:
raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
class _ProtocolMeta(abc.ABCMeta):
# This metaclass is a bit unfortunate and exists only because of the lack
# of __instancehook__.
def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
# We need this method for situations where attributes are
# assigned in __init__.
if ((not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) or
_is_callable_members_only(cls)) and
issubclass(instance.__class__, cls)):
return True
if cls._is_protocol:
if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and
(not callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) or
getattr(instance, attr) is not None)
for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls)):
return True
return super().__instancecheck__(instance)
class Protocol(metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
# There is quite a lot of overlapping code with typing.Generic.
# Unfortunately it is hard to avoid this while these live in two different
# modules. The duplicated code will be removed when Protocol is moved to typing.
"""Base class for protocol classes. Protocol classes are defined as::
class Proto(Protocol):
def meth(self) -> int:
...
Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
class C:
def meth(self) -> int:
return 0
def func(x: Proto) -> int:
return x.meth()
func(C()) # Passes static type check
See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
@typing_extensions.runtime act as simple-minded runtime protocol that checks
only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
def meth(self) -> T:
...
"""
__slots__ = ()
_is_protocol = True
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
if cls is Protocol:
raise TypeError("Type Protocol cannot be instantiated; "
"it can only be used as a base class")
return super().__new__(cls)
@typing._tp_cache
def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
if not isinstance(params, tuple):
params = (params,)
if not params and cls is not typing.Tuple:
raise TypeError(
f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty")
msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
params = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in params) # noqa
if cls is Protocol:
# Generic can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
if not all(isinstance(p, typing.TypeVar) for p in params):
i = 0
while isinstance(params[i], typing.TypeVar):
i += 1
raise TypeError(
"Parameters to Protocol[...] must all be type variables."
f" Parameter {i + 1} is {params[i]}")
if len(set(params)) != len(params):
raise TypeError(
"Parameters to Protocol[...] must all be unique")
else:
# Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
_check_generic(cls, params)
return typing._GenericAlias(cls, params)
def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
tvars = []
if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
error = typing.Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
else:
error = typing.Generic in cls.__bases__
if error:
raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
tvars = _collect_type_vars(cls.__orig_bases__)
# Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn] or Protocol[T1, ..., Tn].
# If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
# If not found, tvars is it.
# Also check for and reject plain Generic,
# and reject multiple Generic[...] and/or Protocol[...].
gvars = None
for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
if (isinstance(base, typing._GenericAlias) and
base.__origin__ in (typing.Generic, Protocol)):
# for error messages
the_base = base.__origin__.__name__
if gvars is not None:
raise TypeError(
"Cannot inherit from Generic[...]"
" and/or Protocol[...] multiple types.")
gvars = base.__parameters__
if gvars is None:
gvars = tvars
else:
tvarset = set(tvars)
gvarset = set(gvars)
if not tvarset <= gvarset:
s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
f" not listed in {the_base}[{s_args}]")
tvars = gvars
cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)
# Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
# Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
def _proto_hook(other):
if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
return NotImplemented
if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
if sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools']:
return NotImplemented
raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
" @runtime protocols")
if not _is_callable_members_only(cls):
if sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools']:
return NotImplemented
raise TypeError("Protocols with non-method members"
" don't support issubclass()")
if not isinstance(other, type):
# Same error as for issubclass(1, int)
raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
for base in other.__mro__:
if attr in base.__dict__:
if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
return NotImplemented
break
annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
if (isinstance(annotations, typing.Mapping) and
attr in annotations and
isinstance(other, _ProtocolMeta) and
other._is_protocol):
break
else:
return NotImplemented
return True
if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
# We have nothing more to do for non-protocols.
if not cls._is_protocol:
return
# Check consistency of bases.
for base in cls.__bases__:
if not (base in (object, typing.Generic) or
base.__module__ == 'collections.abc' and
base.__name__ in _PROTO_WHITELIST or
isinstance(base, _ProtocolMeta) and base._is_protocol):
raise TypeError('Protocols can only inherit from other'
f' protocols, got {repr(base)}')
cls.__init__ = _no_init
# 3.6
else:
from typing import _next_in_mro, _type_check # noqa
def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
if type(self)._is_protocol:
raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
class _ProtocolMeta(GenericMeta):
"""Internal metaclass for Protocol.
This exists so Protocol classes can be generic without deriving
from Generic.
"""
def __new__(cls, name, bases, namespace,
tvars=None, args=None, origin=None, extra=None, orig_bases=None):
# This is just a version copied from GenericMeta.__new__ that
# includes "Protocol" special treatment. (Comments removed for brevity.)
assert extra is None # Protocols should not have extra
if tvars is not None:
assert origin is not None
assert all(isinstance(t, typing.TypeVar) for t in tvars), tvars
else:
tvars = _type_vars(bases)
gvars = None
for base in bases:
if base is typing.Generic:
raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
if (isinstance(base, GenericMeta) and
base.__origin__ in (typing.Generic, Protocol)):
if gvars is not None:
raise TypeError(
"Cannot inherit from Generic[...] or"
" Protocol[...] multiple times.")
gvars = base.__parameters__
if gvars is None:
gvars = tvars
else:
tvarset = set(tvars)
gvarset = set(gvars)
if not tvarset <= gvarset:
s_vars = ", ".join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
s_args = ", ".join(str(g) for g in gvars)
cls_name = "Generic" if any(b.__origin__ is typing.Generic
for b in bases) else "Protocol"
raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
f" not listed in {cls_name}[{s_args}]")
tvars = gvars
initial_bases = bases
if (extra is not None and type(extra) is abc.ABCMeta and
extra not in bases):
bases = (extra,) + bases
bases = tuple(_gorg(b) if isinstance(b, GenericMeta) else b
for b in bases)
if any(isinstance(b, GenericMeta) and b is not typing.Generic for b in bases):
bases = tuple(b for b in bases if b is not typing.Generic)
namespace.update({'__origin__': origin, '__extra__': extra})
self = super(GenericMeta, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace,
_root=True)
super(GenericMeta, self).__setattr__('_gorg',
self if not origin else
_gorg(origin))
self.__parameters__ = tvars
self.__args__ = tuple(... if a is typing._TypingEllipsis else
() if a is typing._TypingEmpty else
a for a in args) if args else None
self.__next_in_mro__ = _next_in_mro(self)
if orig_bases is None:
self.__orig_bases__ = initial_bases
elif origin is not None:
self._abc_registry = origin._abc_registry
self._abc_cache = origin._abc_cache
if hasattr(self, '_subs_tree'):
self.__tree_hash__ = (hash(self._subs_tree()) if origin else
super(GenericMeta, self).__hash__())
return self
def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol or
isinstance(b, _ProtocolMeta) and
b.__origin__ is Protocol
for b in cls.__bases__)
if cls._is_protocol:
for base in cls.__mro__[1:]:
if not (base in (object, typing.Generic) or
base.__module__ == 'collections.abc' and
base.__name__ in _PROTO_WHITELIST or
isinstance(base, typing.TypingMeta) and base._is_protocol or
isinstance(base, GenericMeta) and
base.__origin__ is typing.Generic):
raise TypeError(f'Protocols can only inherit from other'
f' protocols, got {repr(base)}')
cls.__init__ = _no_init
def _proto_hook(other):
if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
return NotImplemented
if not isinstance(other, type):
# Same error as for issubclass(1, int)
raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
for base in other.__mro__:
if attr in base.__dict__:
if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
return NotImplemented
break
annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
if (isinstance(annotations, typing.Mapping) and
attr in annotations and
isinstance(other, _ProtocolMeta) and
other._is_protocol):
break
else:
return NotImplemented
return True
if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
def __instancecheck__(self, instance):
# We need this method for situations where attributes are
# assigned in __init__.
if ((not getattr(self, '_is_protocol', False) or
_is_callable_members_only(self)) and
issubclass(instance.__class__, self)):
return True
if self._is_protocol:
if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and
(not callable(getattr(self, attr, None)) or
getattr(instance, attr) is not None)
for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(self)):
return True
return super(GenericMeta, self).__instancecheck__(instance)
def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
if self.__origin__ is not None:
if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] not in ['abc', 'functools']:
raise TypeError("Parameterized generics cannot be used with class "
"or instance checks")
return False
if (self.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None) and
not self.__dict__.get('_is_runtime_protocol', None)):
if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc',
'functools',
'typing']:
return False
raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
" @runtime protocols")
if (self.__dict__.get('_is_runtime_protocol', None) and
not _is_callable_members_only(self)):
if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc',
'functools',
'typing']:
return super(GenericMeta, self).__subclasscheck__(cls)
raise TypeError("Protocols with non-method members"
" don't support issubclass()")
return super(GenericMeta, self).__subclasscheck__(cls)
@typing._tp_cache
def __getitem__(self, params):
# We also need to copy this from GenericMeta.__getitem__ to get
# special treatment of "Protocol". (Comments removed for brevity.)
if not isinstance(params, tuple):
params = (params,)
if not params and _gorg(self) is not typing.Tuple:
raise TypeError(
f"Parameter list to {self.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty")
msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
if self in (typing.Generic, Protocol):
if not all(isinstance(p, typing.TypeVar) for p in params):
raise TypeError(
f"Parameters to {repr(self)}[...] must all be type variables")
if len(set(params)) != len(params):
raise TypeError(
f"Parameters to {repr(self)}[...] must all be unique")
tvars = params
args = params
elif self in (typing.Tuple, typing.Callable):
tvars = _type_vars(params)
args = params
elif self.__origin__ in (typing.Generic, Protocol):
raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {repr(self)}")
else:
_check_generic(self, params)
tvars = _type_vars(params)
args = params
prepend = (self,) if self.__origin__ is None else ()
return self.__class__(self.__name__,
prepend + self.__bases__,
_no_slots_copy(self.__dict__),
tvars=tvars,
args=args,
origin=self,
extra=self.__extra__,
orig_bases=self.__orig_bases__)
class Protocol(metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
"""Base class for protocol classes. Protocol classes are defined as::
class Proto(Protocol):
def meth(self) -> int:
...
Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
class C:
def meth(self) -> int:
return 0
def func(x: Proto) -> int:
return x.meth()
func(C()) # Passes static type check
See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
@typing_extensions.runtime act as simple-minded runtime protocol that checks
only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
def meth(self) -> T:
...
"""
__slots__ = ()
_is_protocol = True
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
if _gorg(cls) is Protocol:
raise TypeError("Type Protocol cannot be instantiated; "
"it can be used only as a base class")
return typing._generic_new(cls.__next_in_mro__, cls, *args, **kwds)
# 3.8+
if hasattr(typing, 'runtime_checkable'):
runtime_checkable = typing.runtime_checkable
# 3.6-3.7
else:
def runtime_checkable(cls):
"""Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol, so that it
can be used with isinstance() and issubclass(). Raise TypeError
if applied to a non-protocol class.
This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to the
one-offs in collections.abc such as Hashable.
"""
if not isinstance(cls, _ProtocolMeta) or not cls._is_protocol:
raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
f' got {cls!r}')
cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
return cls
# Exists for backwards compatibility.
runtime = runtime_checkable
# 3.8+
if hasattr(typing, 'SupportsIndex'):
SupportsIndex = typing.SupportsIndex
# 3.6-3.7
else:
@runtime_checkable
class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
__slots__ = ()
@abc.abstractmethod
def __index__(self) -> int:
pass
if sys.version_info >= (3, 9, 2):
# The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.8 does not store runtime information
# about which (if any) keys are optional. See https://bugs.python.org/issue38834
# The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.9.0/1 does not honour the "total"
# keyword with old-style TypedDict(). See https://bugs.python.org/issue42059
TypedDict = typing.TypedDict
else:
def _check_fails(cls, other):
try:
if sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__'] not in ['abc',
'functools',
'typing']:
# Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping.
raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks')
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
pass
return False
def _dict_new(*args, **kwargs):
if not args:
raise TypeError('TypedDict.__new__(): not enough arguments')
_, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "cls" keyword be passed
return dict(*args, **kwargs)
_dict_new.__text_signature__ = '($cls, _typename, _fields=None, /, **kwargs)'
def _typeddict_new(*args, total=True, **kwargs):
if not args:
raise TypeError('TypedDict.__new__(): not enough arguments')
_, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "cls" keyword be passed
if args:
typename, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "_typename" keyword be passed
elif '_typename' in kwargs:
typename = kwargs.pop('_typename')
import warnings
warnings.warn("Passing '_typename' as keyword argument is deprecated",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
else:
raise TypeError("TypedDict.__new__() missing 1 required positional "
"argument: '_typename'")
if args:
try:
fields, = args # allow the "_fields" keyword be passed
except ValueError:
raise TypeError('TypedDict.__new__() takes from 2 to 3 '
f'positional arguments but {len(args) + 2} '
'were given')
elif '_fields' in kwargs and len(kwargs) == 1:
fields = kwargs.pop('_fields')
import warnings
warnings.warn("Passing '_fields' as keyword argument is deprecated",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
else:
fields = None
if fields is None:
fields = kwargs
elif kwargs:
raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments,"
" but not both")
ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)}
try:
# Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
ns['__module__'] = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
pass
return _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total)
_typeddict_new.__text_signature__ = ('($cls, _typename, _fields=None,'
' /, *, total=True, **kwargs)')
class _TypedDictMeta(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
super().__init__(name, bases, ns)
def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
# Create new typed dict class object.
# This method is called directly when TypedDict is subclassed,
# or via _typeddict_new when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
# TypedDict supports all three syntaxes described in its docstring.
# Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries
# via _dict_new.
ns['__new__'] = _typeddict_new if name == 'TypedDict' else _dict_new
tp_dict = super().__new__(cls, name, (dict,), ns)
annotations = {}
own_annotations = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
own_annotation_keys = set(own_annotations.keys())
msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
own_annotations = {
n: typing._type_check(tp, msg) for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
}
required_keys = set()
optional_keys = set()
for base in bases:
annotations.update(base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {}))
required_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__required_keys__', ()))
optional_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__optional_keys__', ()))
annotations.update(own_annotations)
if total:
required_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)
else:
optional_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)
tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations
tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__total__'):
tp_dict.__total__ = total
return tp_dict
__instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__ = _check_fails
TypedDict = _TypedDictMeta('TypedDict', (dict,), {})
TypedDict.__module__ = __name__
TypedDict.__doc__ = \
"""A simple typed name space. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
TypedDict creates a dictionary type that expects all of its
instances to have a certain set of keys, with each key
associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
is not checked at runtime but is only enforced by type checkers.
Usage::
class Point2D(TypedDict):
x: int
y: int
label: str
a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'} # OK
b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'} # Fails type check
assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
TypedDict supports two additional equivalent forms::
Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)
Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
The class syntax is only supported in Python 3.6+, while two other
syntax forms work for Python 2.7 and 3.2+
"""
# Python 3.9+ has PEP 593 (Annotated and modified get_type_hints)
if hasattr(typing, 'Annotated'):
Annotated = typing.Annotated
get_type_hints = typing.get_type_hints
# Not exported and not a public API, but needed for get_origin() and get_args()
# to work.
_AnnotatedAlias = typing._AnnotatedAlias
# 3.7-3.8
elif PEP_560:
class _AnnotatedAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
"""Runtime representation of an annotated type.
At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
it to types is also the same.
"""
def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
origin = origin.__origin__
super().__init__(origin, origin)
self.__metadata__ = metadata
def copy_with(self, params):
assert len(params) == 1
new_type = params[0]
return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)
def __repr__(self):
return (f"typing_extensions.Annotated[{typing._type_repr(self.__origin__)}, "
f"{', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)}]")
def __reduce__(self):
return operator.getitem, (
Annotated, (self.__origin__,) + self.__metadata__
)
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
return NotImplemented
if self.__origin__ != other.__origin__:
return False
return self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))
class Annotated:
"""Add context specific metadata to a type.
Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
this type as int.
The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type (and will be in
the __origin__ field), the remaining arguments are kept as a tuple in
the __extra__ field.
Details:
- It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
- Nested Annotated are flattened::
Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
- Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
underlying type::
Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
- Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")
@typing._tp_cache
def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
"with at least two arguments (a type and an "
"annotation).")
msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
origin = typing._type_check(params[0], msg)
metadata = tuple(params[1:])
return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
raise TypeError(
f"Cannot subclass {cls.__module__}.Annotated"
)
def _strip_annotations(t):
"""Strips the annotations from a given type.
"""
if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
return _strip_annotations(t.__origin__)
if isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias):
stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
if stripped_args == t.__args__:
return t
res = t.copy_with(stripped_args)
res._special = t._special
return res
return t
def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
"""Return type hints for an object.
This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
'Annotated[T, ...]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True').
The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
inherited members.
TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
present.
BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
(unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work). The
search order is locals first, then globals.
- If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
and these are also used as the locals. If the object does not appear
to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.
- If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
locals.
- If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
locals, respectively.
"""
hint = typing.get_type_hints(obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
if include_extras:
return hint
return {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hint.items()}
# 3.6
else:
def _is_dunder(name):
"""Returns True if name is a __dunder_variable_name__."""
return len(name) > 4 and name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__')
# Prior to Python 3.7 types did not have `copy_with`. A lot of the equality
# checks, argument expansion etc. are done on the _subs_tre. As a result we
# can't provide a get_type_hints function that strips out annotations.
class AnnotatedMeta(typing.GenericMeta):
"""Metaclass for Annotated"""
def __new__(cls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
if any(b is not object for b in bases):
raise TypeError("Cannot subclass " + str(Annotated))
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
@property
def __metadata__(self):
return self._subs_tree()[2]
def _tree_repr(self, tree):
cls, origin, metadata = tree
if not isinstance(origin, tuple):
tp_repr = typing._type_repr(origin)
else:
tp_repr = origin[0]._tree_repr(origin)
metadata_reprs = ", ".join(repr(arg) for arg in metadata)
return f'{cls}[{tp_repr}, {metadata_reprs}]'
def _subs_tree(self, tvars=None, args=None): # noqa
if self is Annotated:
return Annotated
res = super()._subs_tree(tvars=tvars, args=args)
# Flatten nested Annotated
if isinstance(res[1], tuple) and res[1][0] is Annotated:
sub_tp = res[1][1]
sub_annot = res[1][2]
return (Annotated, sub_tp, sub_annot + res[2])
return res
def _get_cons(self):
"""Return the class used to create instance of this type."""
if self.__origin__ is None:
raise TypeError("Cannot get the underlying type of a "
"non-specialized Annotated type.")
tree = self._subs_tree()
while isinstance(tree, tuple) and tree[0] is Annotated:
tree = tree[1]
if isinstance(tree, tuple):
return tree[0]
else:
return tree
@typing._tp_cache
def __getitem__(self, params):
if not isinstance(params, tuple):
params = (params,)
if self.__origin__ is not None: # specializing an instantiated type
return super().__getitem__(params)
elif not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be instantiated "
"with at least two arguments (a type and an "
"annotation).")
else:
msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
tp = typing._type_check(params[0], msg)
metadata = tuple(params[1:])
return self.__class__(
self.__name__,
self.__bases__,
_no_slots_copy(self.__dict__),
tvars=_type_vars((tp,)),
# Metadata is a tuple so it won't be touched by _replace_args et al.
args=(tp, metadata),
origin=self,
)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
cons = self._get_cons()
result = cons(*args, **kwargs)
try:
result.__orig_class__ = self
except AttributeError:
pass
return result
def __getattr__(self, attr):
# For simplicity we just don't relay all dunder names
if self.__origin__ is not None and not _is_dunder(attr):
return getattr(self._get_cons(), attr)
raise AttributeError(attr)
def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
if _is_dunder(attr) or attr.startswith('_abc_'):
super().__setattr__(attr, value)
elif self.__origin__ is None:
raise AttributeError(attr)
else:
setattr(self._get_cons(), attr, value)
def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
raise TypeError("Annotated cannot be used with isinstance().")
def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
raise TypeError("Annotated cannot be used with issubclass().")
class Annotated(metaclass=AnnotatedMeta):
"""Add context specific metadata to a type.
Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
this type as int.
The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type, the remaining
arguments are kept as a tuple in the __metadata__ field.
Details:
- It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
- Nested Annotated are flattened::
Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
- Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
underlying type::
Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
- Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
"""
# Python 3.8 has get_origin() and get_args() but those implementations aren't
# Annotated-aware, so we can't use those. Python 3.9's versions don't support
# ParamSpecArgs and ParamSpecKwargs, so only Python 3.10's versions will do.
if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
get_origin = typing.get_origin
get_args = typing.get_args
# 3.7-3.9
elif PEP_560:
try:
# 3.9+
from typing import _BaseGenericAlias
except ImportError:
_BaseGenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
try:
# 3.9+
from typing import GenericAlias
except ImportError:
GenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
def get_origin(tp):
"""Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
get_origin(int) is None
get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
get_origin(Generic) is Generic
get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
get_origin(P.args) is P
"""
if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
return Annotated
if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, GenericAlias, _BaseGenericAlias,
ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
return tp.__origin__
if tp is typing.Generic:
return typing.Generic
return None
def get_args(tp):
"""Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
Examples::
get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
get_args(int) == ()
get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
"""
if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
return (tp.__origin__,) + tp.__metadata__
if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
if getattr(tp, "_special", False):
return ()
res = tp.__args__
if get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Callable and res[0] is not Ellipsis:
res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
return res
return ()
# 3.10+
if hasattr(typing, 'TypeAlias'):
TypeAlias = typing.TypeAlias
# 3.9
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
class _TypeAliasForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
@_TypeAliasForm
def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
"""Special marker indicating that an assignment should
be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
checkers.
For example::
Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
"""
raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
# 3.7-3.8
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
class _TypeAliasForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
TypeAlias = _TypeAliasForm('TypeAlias',
doc="""Special marker indicating that an assignment should
be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
checkers.
For example::
Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example
above.""")
# 3.6
else:
class _TypeAliasMeta(typing.TypingMeta):
"""Metaclass for TypeAlias"""
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.TypeAlias'
class _TypeAliasBase(typing._FinalTypingBase, metaclass=_TypeAliasMeta, _root=True):
"""Special marker indicating that an assignment should
be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
checkers.
For example::
Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
raise TypeError("TypeAlias cannot be used with isinstance().")
def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
raise TypeError("TypeAlias cannot be used with issubclass().")
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.TypeAlias'
TypeAlias = _TypeAliasBase(_root=True)
# Python 3.10+ has PEP 612
if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpecArgs'):
ParamSpecArgs = typing.ParamSpecArgs
ParamSpecKwargs = typing.ParamSpecKwargs
# 3.6-3.9
else:
class _Immutable:
"""Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
__slots__ = ()
def __copy__(self):
return self
def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
return self
class ParamSpecArgs(_Immutable):
"""The args for a ParamSpec object.
Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
P.args.__origin__ is P
This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
static type checkers.
"""
def __init__(self, origin):
self.__origin__ = origin
def __repr__(self):
return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"
class ParamSpecKwargs(_Immutable):
"""The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
static type checkers.
"""
def __init__(self, origin):
self.__origin__ = origin
def __repr__(self):
return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"
# 3.10+
if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpec'):
ParamSpec = typing.ParamSpec
# 3.6-3.9
else:
# Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
class ParamSpec(list):
"""Parameter specification variable.
Usage::
P = ParamSpec('P')
Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
type checkers. They are used to forward the parameter types of one
callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
functions and decorators. They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher,
they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime.
See class Generic for more information on generic types. An
example for annotating a decorator::
T = TypeVar('T')
P = ParamSpec('P')
def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
'''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
return f(*args, **kwargs)
return inner
@add_logging
def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
'''Add two numbers together.'''
return x + y
Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
generic types. These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
are yet to be decided. See PEP 612 for details.
Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
P.__name__ == 'T'
P.__bound__ == None
P.__covariant__ == False
P.__contravariant__ == False
Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
be pickled.
"""
# Trick Generic __parameters__.
__class__ = typing.TypeVar
@property
def args(self):
return ParamSpecArgs(self)
@property
def kwargs(self):
return ParamSpecKwargs(self)
def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False):
super().__init__([self])
self.__name__ = name
self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
if bound:
self.__bound__ = typing._type_check(bound, 'Bound must be a type.')
else:
self.__bound__ = None
# for pickling:
try:
def_mod = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
def_mod = None
if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
self.__module__ = def_mod
def __repr__(self):
if self.__covariant__:
prefix = '+'
elif self.__contravariant__:
prefix = '-'
else:
prefix = '~'
return prefix + self.__name__
def __hash__(self):
return object.__hash__(self)
def __eq__(self, other):
return self is other
def __reduce__(self):
return self.__name__
# Hack to get typing._type_check to pass.
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
if not PEP_560:
# Only needed in 3.6.
def _get_type_vars(self, tvars):
if self not in tvars:
tvars.append(self)
# 3.6-3.9
if not hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
# Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(list):
# Trick Generic into looking into this for __parameters__.
if PEP_560:
__class__ = typing._GenericAlias
else:
__class__ = typing._TypingBase
# Flag in 3.8.
_special = False
# Attribute in 3.6 and earlier.
_gorg = typing.Generic
def __init__(self, origin, args):
super().__init__(args)
self.__origin__ = origin
self.__args__ = args
def __repr__(self):
_type_repr = typing._type_repr
return (f'{_type_repr(self.__origin__)}'
f'[{", ".join(_type_repr(arg) for arg in self.__args__)}]')
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))
# Hack to get typing._type_check to pass in Generic.
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
@property
def __parameters__(self):
return tuple(
tp for tp in self.__args__ if isinstance(tp, (typing.TypeVar, ParamSpec))
)
if not PEP_560:
# Only required in 3.6.
def _get_type_vars(self, tvars):
if self.__origin__ and self.__parameters__:
typing._get_type_vars(self.__parameters__, tvars)
# 3.6-3.9
@typing._tp_cache
def _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters):
if parameters == ():
raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
parameters = (parameters,)
if not isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec):
raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
"ParamSpec variable.")
msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
parameters = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters)
return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters)
# 3.10+
if hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
Concatenate = typing.Concatenate
_ConcatenateGenericAlias = typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias # noqa
# 3.9
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
@_TypeAliasForm
def Concatenate(self, parameters):
"""Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
callable.
For example::
Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
See PEP 612 for detailed information.
"""
return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
# 3.7-8
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
class _ConcatenateForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
def __getitem__(self, parameters):
return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
Concatenate = _ConcatenateForm(
'Concatenate',
doc="""Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
callable.
For example::
Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
See PEP 612 for detailed information.
""")
# 3.6
else:
class _ConcatenateAliasMeta(typing.TypingMeta):
"""Metaclass for Concatenate."""
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.Concatenate'
class _ConcatenateAliasBase(typing._FinalTypingBase,
metaclass=_ConcatenateAliasMeta,
_root=True):
"""Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
callable.
For example::
Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
See PEP 612 for detailed information.
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
raise TypeError("Concatenate cannot be used with isinstance().")
def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
raise TypeError("Concatenate cannot be used with issubclass().")
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.Concatenate'
def __getitem__(self, parameters):
return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
Concatenate = _ConcatenateAliasBase(_root=True)
# 3.10+
if hasattr(typing, 'TypeGuard'):
TypeGuard = typing.TypeGuard
# 3.9
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
class _TypeGuardForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
@_TypeGuardForm
def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
"""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
type guard function. ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The
conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
Using ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
function:
1. The return value is a boolean.
2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
For example::
def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
# "isinstance" type guard
if isinstance(val, str):
# Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
...
else:
# Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
...
Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
type-unsafe results. The main reason is to allow for things like
narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant. The responsibility of
writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables. For more information, see
PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
"""
item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
# 3.7-3.8
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
class _TypeGuardForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
def __getitem__(self, parameters):
item = typing._type_check(parameters,
f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
TypeGuard = _TypeGuardForm(
'TypeGuard',
doc="""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
type guard function. ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The
conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
Using ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
function:
1. The return value is a boolean.
2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
For example::
def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
# "isinstance" type guard
if isinstance(val, str):
# Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
...
else:
# Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
...
Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
type-unsafe results. The main reason is to allow for things like
narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant. The responsibility of
writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables. For more information, see
PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
""")
# 3.6
else:
class _TypeGuard(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
"""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
type guard function. ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
program's code flow. Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code. The
conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
as a type guard. Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
Using ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
function:
1. The return value is a boolean.
2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
For example::
def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
# "isinstance" type guard
if isinstance(val, str):
# Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
...
else:
# Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
...
Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
type-unsafe results. The main reason is to allow for things like
narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant. The responsibility of
writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables. For more information, see
PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
"""
__slots__ = ('__type__',)
def __init__(self, tp=None, **kwds):
self.__type__ = tp
def __getitem__(self, item):
cls = type(self)
if self.__type__ is None:
return cls(typing._type_check(item,
f'{cls.__name__[1:]} accepts only a single type.'),
_root=True)
raise TypeError(f'{cls.__name__[1:]} cannot be further subscripted')
def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
new_tp = typing._eval_type(self.__type__, globalns, localns)
if new_tp == self.__type__:
return self
return type(self)(new_tp, _root=True)
def __repr__(self):
r = super().__repr__()
if self.__type__ is not None:
r += f'[{typing._type_repr(self.__type__)}]'
return r
def __hash__(self):
return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__type__))
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, _TypeGuard):
return NotImplemented
if self.__type__ is not None:
return self.__type__ == other.__type__
return self is other
TypeGuard = _TypeGuard(_root=True)
if hasattr(typing, "Self"):
Self = typing.Self
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
# Vendored from cpython typing._SpecialFrom
class _SpecialForm(typing._Final, _root=True):
__slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')
def __init__(self, getitem):
self._getitem = getitem
self._name = getitem.__name__
self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__
def __getattr__(self, item):
if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
return self._name
raise AttributeError(item)
def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
def __repr__(self):
return f'typing_extensions.{self._name}'
def __reduce__(self):
return self._name
def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")
def __or__(self, other):
return typing.Union[self, other]
def __ror__(self, other):
return typing.Union[other, self]
def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")
def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")
@typing._tp_cache
def __getitem__(self, parameters):
return self._getitem(self, parameters)
@_SpecialForm
def Self(self, params):
"""Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
Example::
from typing import Self
class ReturnsSelf:
def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
...
return self
"""
raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
else:
class _Self(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
"""Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
Example::
from typing import Self
class ReturnsSelf:
def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
...
return self
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance().")
def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass().")
Self = _Self(_root=True)
if hasattr(typing, 'Required'):
Required = typing.Required
NotRequired = typing.NotRequired
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
class _ExtensionsSpecialForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
@_ExtensionsSpecialForm
def Required(self, parameters):
"""A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
as required. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
title: Required[str]
year: int
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
when instantiating a related TypedDict.
"""
item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only single type')
return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
@_ExtensionsSpecialForm
def NotRequired(self, parameters):
"""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
potentially missing. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict):
title: str
year: NotRequired[int]
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
"""
item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only single type')
return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
class _RequiredForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
def __repr__(self):
return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
def __getitem__(self, parameters):
item = typing._type_check(parameters,
'{} accepts only single type'.format(self._name))
return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
Required = _RequiredForm(
'Required',
doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
as required. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
title: Required[str]
year: int
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
when instantiating a related TypedDict.
""")
NotRequired = _RequiredForm(
'NotRequired',
doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
potentially missing. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict):
title: str
year: NotRequired[int]
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
""")
else:
# NOTE: Modeled after _Final's implementation when _FinalTypingBase available
class _MaybeRequired(typing._FinalTypingBase, _root=True):
__slots__ = ('__type__',)
def __init__(self, tp=None, **kwds):
self.__type__ = tp
def __getitem__(self, item):
cls = type(self)
if self.__type__ is None:
return cls(typing._type_check(item,
'{} accepts only single type.'.format(cls.__name__[1:])),
_root=True)
raise TypeError('{} cannot be further subscripted'
.format(cls.__name__[1:]))
def _eval_type(self, globalns, localns):
new_tp = typing._eval_type(self.__type__, globalns, localns)
if new_tp == self.__type__:
return self
return type(self)(new_tp, _root=True)
def __repr__(self):
r = super().__repr__()
if self.__type__ is not None:
r += '[{}]'.format(typing._type_repr(self.__type__))
return r
def __hash__(self):
return hash((type(self).__name__, self.__type__))
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
return NotImplemented
if self.__type__ is not None:
return self.__type__ == other.__type__
return self is other
class _Required(_MaybeRequired, _root=True):
"""A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
as required. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
title: Required[str]
year: int
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
when instantiating a related TypedDict.
"""
class _NotRequired(_MaybeRequired, _root=True):
"""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
potentially missing. For example:
class Movie(TypedDict):
title: str
year: NotRequired[int]
m = Movie(
title='The Matrix', # typechecker error if key is omitted
year=1999,
)
"""
Required = _Required(_root=True)
NotRequired = _NotRequired(_root=True)