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# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
# found in the LICENSE file.
"""Linux platform implementation."""
from __future__ import division
import base64
import collections
import errno
import functools
import glob
import os
import re
import socket
import struct
import sys
import warnings
from collections import defaultdict
from collections import namedtuple
from . import _common
from . import _psposix
from . import _psutil_linux as cext
from . import _psutil_posix as cext_posix
from ._common import NIC_DUPLEX_FULL
from ._common import NIC_DUPLEX_HALF
from ._common import NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN
from ._common import AccessDenied
from ._common import NoSuchProcess
from ._common import ZombieProcess
from ._common import bcat
from ._common import cat
from ._common import debug
from ._common import decode
from ._common import get_procfs_path
from ._common import isfile_strict
from ._common import memoize
from ._common import memoize_when_activated
from ._common import open_binary
from ._common import open_text
from ._common import parse_environ_block
from ._common import path_exists_strict
from ._common import supports_ipv6
from ._common import usage_percent
from ._compat import PY3
from ._compat import FileNotFoundError
from ._compat import PermissionError
from ._compat import ProcessLookupError
from ._compat import b
from ._compat import basestring
if PY3:
import enum
else:
enum = None
# fmt: off
__extra__all__ = [
'PROCFS_PATH',
# io prio constants
"IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE", "IOPRIO_CLASS_RT", "IOPRIO_CLASS_BE",
"IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE",
# connection status constants
"CONN_ESTABLISHED", "CONN_SYN_SENT", "CONN_SYN_RECV", "CONN_FIN_WAIT1",
"CONN_FIN_WAIT2", "CONN_TIME_WAIT", "CONN_CLOSE", "CONN_CLOSE_WAIT",
"CONN_LAST_ACK", "CONN_LISTEN", "CONN_CLOSING",
]
# fmt: on
# =====================================================================
# --- globals
# =====================================================================
POWER_SUPPLY_PATH = "/sys/class/power_supply"
HAS_PROC_SMAPS = os.path.exists('/proc/%s/smaps' % os.getpid())
HAS_PROC_SMAPS_ROLLUP = os.path.exists('/proc/%s/smaps_rollup' % os.getpid())
HAS_PROC_IO_PRIORITY = hasattr(cext, "proc_ioprio_get")
HAS_CPU_AFFINITY = hasattr(cext, "proc_cpu_affinity_get")
# Number of clock ticks per second
CLOCK_TICKS = os.sysconf("SC_CLK_TCK")
PAGESIZE = cext_posix.getpagesize()
BOOT_TIME = None # set later
LITTLE_ENDIAN = sys.byteorder == 'little'
# "man iostat" states that sectors are equivalent with blocks and have
# a size of 512 bytes. Despite this value can be queried at runtime
# via /sys/block/{DISK}/queue/hw_sector_size and results may vary
# between 1k, 2k, or 4k... 512 appears to be a magic constant used
# throughout Linux source code:
# * https://stackoverflow.com/a/38136179/376587
# * https://lists.gt.net/linux/kernel/2241060
# * https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1305
# * https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/
# 4f671fe2f9523a1ea206f63fe60a7c7b3a56d5c7/include/linux/bio.h#L99
# * https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/8/17/234
DISK_SECTOR_SIZE = 512
if enum is None:
AF_LINK = socket.AF_PACKET
else:
AddressFamily = enum.IntEnum(
'AddressFamily', {'AF_LINK': int(socket.AF_PACKET)}
)
AF_LINK = AddressFamily.AF_LINK
# ioprio_* constants http://linux.die.net/man/2/ioprio_get
if enum is None:
IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE = 0
IOPRIO_CLASS_RT = 1
IOPRIO_CLASS_BE = 2
IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE = 3
else:
class IOPriority(enum.IntEnum):
IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE = 0
IOPRIO_CLASS_RT = 1
IOPRIO_CLASS_BE = 2
IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE = 3
globals().update(IOPriority.__members__)
# See:
# https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blame/master/fs/proc/array.c
# ...and (TASK_* constants):
# https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/sched.h
PROC_STATUSES = {
"R": _common.STATUS_RUNNING,
"S": _common.STATUS_SLEEPING,
"D": _common.STATUS_DISK_SLEEP,
"T": _common.STATUS_STOPPED,
"t": _common.STATUS_TRACING_STOP,
"Z": _common.STATUS_ZOMBIE,
"X": _common.STATUS_DEAD,
"x": _common.STATUS_DEAD,
"K": _common.STATUS_WAKE_KILL,
"W": _common.STATUS_WAKING,
"I": _common.STATUS_IDLE,
"P": _common.STATUS_PARKED,
}
# https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/net/tcp_states.h
TCP_STATUSES = {
"01": _common.CONN_ESTABLISHED,
"02": _common.CONN_SYN_SENT,
"03": _common.CONN_SYN_RECV,
"04": _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT1,
"05": _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT2,
"06": _common.CONN_TIME_WAIT,
"07": _common.CONN_CLOSE,
"08": _common.CONN_CLOSE_WAIT,
"09": _common.CONN_LAST_ACK,
"0A": _common.CONN_LISTEN,
"0B": _common.CONN_CLOSING,
}
# =====================================================================
# --- named tuples
# =====================================================================
# fmt: off
# psutil.virtual_memory()
svmem = namedtuple(
'svmem', ['total', 'available', 'percent', 'used', 'free',
'active', 'inactive', 'buffers', 'cached', 'shared', 'slab'])
# psutil.disk_io_counters()
sdiskio = namedtuple(
'sdiskio', ['read_count', 'write_count',
'read_bytes', 'write_bytes',
'read_time', 'write_time',
'read_merged_count', 'write_merged_count',
'busy_time'])
# psutil.Process().open_files()
popenfile = namedtuple(
'popenfile', ['path', 'fd', 'position', 'mode', 'flags'])
# psutil.Process().memory_info()
pmem = namedtuple('pmem', 'rss vms shared text lib data dirty')
# psutil.Process().memory_full_info()
pfullmem = namedtuple('pfullmem', pmem._fields + ('uss', 'pss', 'swap'))
# psutil.Process().memory_maps(grouped=True)
pmmap_grouped = namedtuple(
'pmmap_grouped',
['path', 'rss', 'size', 'pss', 'shared_clean', 'shared_dirty',
'private_clean', 'private_dirty', 'referenced', 'anonymous', 'swap'])
# psutil.Process().memory_maps(grouped=False)
pmmap_ext = namedtuple(
'pmmap_ext', 'addr perms ' + ' '.join(pmmap_grouped._fields))
# psutil.Process.io_counters()
pio = namedtuple('pio', ['read_count', 'write_count',
'read_bytes', 'write_bytes',
'read_chars', 'write_chars'])
# psutil.Process.cpu_times()
pcputimes = namedtuple('pcputimes',
['user', 'system', 'children_user', 'children_system',
'iowait'])
# fmt: on
# =====================================================================
# --- utils
# =====================================================================
def readlink(path):
"""Wrapper around os.readlink()."""
assert isinstance(path, basestring), path
path = os.readlink(path)
# readlink() might return paths containing null bytes ('\x00')
# resulting in "TypeError: must be encoded string without NULL
# bytes, not str" errors when the string is passed to other
# fs-related functions (os.*, open(), ...).
# Apparently everything after '\x00' is garbage (we can have
# ' (deleted)', 'new' and possibly others), see:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/717
path = path.split('\x00')[0]
# Certain paths have ' (deleted)' appended. Usually this is
# bogus as the file actually exists. Even if it doesn't we
# don't care.
if path.endswith(' (deleted)') and not path_exists_strict(path):
path = path[:-10]
return path
def file_flags_to_mode(flags):
"""Convert file's open() flags into a readable string.
Used by Process.open_files().
"""
modes_map = {os.O_RDONLY: 'r', os.O_WRONLY: 'w', os.O_RDWR: 'w+'}
mode = modes_map[flags & (os.O_RDONLY | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_RDWR)]
if flags & os.O_APPEND:
mode = mode.replace('w', 'a', 1)
mode = mode.replace('w+', 'r+')
# possible values: r, w, a, r+, a+
return mode
def is_storage_device(name):
"""Return True if the given name refers to a root device (e.g.
"sda", "nvme0n1") as opposed to a logical partition (e.g. "sda1",
"nvme0n1p1"). If name is a virtual device (e.g. "loop1", "ram")
return True.
"""
# Re-adapted from iostat source code, see:
# https://github.com/sysstat/sysstat/blob/
# 97912938cd476645b267280069e83b1c8dc0e1c7/common.c#L208
# Some devices may have a slash in their name (e.g. cciss/c0d0...).
name = name.replace('/', '!')
including_virtual = True
if including_virtual:
path = "/sys/block/%s" % name
else:
path = "/sys/block/%s/device" % name
return os.access(path, os.F_OK)
@memoize
def set_scputimes_ntuple(procfs_path):
"""Set a namedtuple of variable fields depending on the CPU times
available on this Linux kernel version which may be:
(user, nice, system, idle, iowait, irq, softirq, [steal, [guest,
[guest_nice]]])
Used by cpu_times() function.
"""
global scputimes
with open_binary('%s/stat' % procfs_path) as f:
values = f.readline().split()[1:]
fields = ['user', 'nice', 'system', 'idle', 'iowait', 'irq', 'softirq']
vlen = len(values)
if vlen >= 8:
# Linux >= 2.6.11
fields.append('steal')
if vlen >= 9:
# Linux >= 2.6.24
fields.append('guest')
if vlen >= 10:
# Linux >= 3.2.0
fields.append('guest_nice')
scputimes = namedtuple('scputimes', fields)
try:
set_scputimes_ntuple("/proc")
except Exception as err: # noqa: BLE001
# Don't want to crash at import time.
debug("ignoring exception on import: %r" % err)
scputimes = namedtuple('scputimes', 'user system idle')(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
# =====================================================================
# --- prlimit
# =====================================================================
# Backport of resource.prlimit() for Python 2. Originally this was done
# in C, but CentOS-6 which we use to create manylinux wheels is too old
# and does not support prlimit() syscall. As such the resulting wheel
# would not include prlimit(), even when installed on newer systems.
# This is the only part of psutil using ctypes.
prlimit = None
try:
from resource import prlimit # python >= 3.4
except ImportError:
import ctypes
libc = ctypes.CDLL(None, use_errno=True)
if hasattr(libc, "prlimit"):
def prlimit(pid, resource_, limits=None):
class StructRlimit(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [
('rlim_cur', ctypes.c_longlong),
('rlim_max', ctypes.c_longlong),
]
current = StructRlimit()
if limits is None:
# get
ret = libc.prlimit(pid, resource_, None, ctypes.byref(current))
else:
# set
new = StructRlimit()
new.rlim_cur = limits[0]
new.rlim_max = limits[1]
ret = libc.prlimit(
pid, resource_, ctypes.byref(new), ctypes.byref(current)
)
if ret != 0:
errno_ = ctypes.get_errno()
raise OSError(errno_, os.strerror(errno_))
return (current.rlim_cur, current.rlim_max)
if prlimit is not None:
__extra__all__.extend(
[x for x in dir(cext) if x.startswith('RLIM') and x.isupper()]
)
# =====================================================================
# --- system memory
# =====================================================================
def calculate_avail_vmem(mems):
"""Fallback for kernels < 3.14 where /proc/meminfo does not provide
"MemAvailable", see:
https://blog.famzah.net/2014/09/24/.
This code reimplements the algorithm outlined here:
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
commit/?id=34e431b0ae398fc54ea69ff85ec700722c9da773
We use this function also when "MemAvailable" returns 0 (possibly a
kernel bug, see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1915).
In that case this routine matches "free" CLI tool result ("available"
column).
XXX: on recent kernels this calculation may differ by ~1.5% compared
to "MemAvailable:", as it's calculated slightly differently.
It is still way more realistic than doing (free + cached) though.
See:
* https://gitlab.com/procps-ng/procps/issues/42
* https://github.com/famzah/linux-memavailable-procfs/issues/2
"""
# Note about "fallback" value. According to:
# https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
# commit/?id=34e431b0ae398fc54ea69ff85ec700722c9da773
# ...long ago "available" memory was calculated as (free + cached),
# We use fallback when one of these is missing from /proc/meminfo:
# "Active(file)": introduced in 2.6.28 / Dec 2008
# "Inactive(file)": introduced in 2.6.28 / Dec 2008
# "SReclaimable": introduced in 2.6.19 / Nov 2006
# /proc/zoneinfo: introduced in 2.6.13 / Aug 2005
free = mems[b'MemFree:']
fallback = free + mems.get(b"Cached:", 0)
try:
lru_active_file = mems[b'Active(file):']
lru_inactive_file = mems[b'Inactive(file):']
slab_reclaimable = mems[b'SReclaimable:']
except KeyError as err:
debug(
"%s is missing from /proc/meminfo; using an approximation for "
"calculating available memory"
% err.args[0]
)
return fallback
try:
f = open_binary('%s/zoneinfo' % get_procfs_path())
except IOError:
return fallback # kernel 2.6.13
watermark_low = 0
with f:
for line in f:
line = line.strip()
if line.startswith(b'low'):
watermark_low += int(line.split()[1])
watermark_low *= PAGESIZE
avail = free - watermark_low
pagecache = lru_active_file + lru_inactive_file
pagecache -= min(pagecache / 2, watermark_low)
avail += pagecache
avail += slab_reclaimable - min(slab_reclaimable / 2.0, watermark_low)
return int(avail)
def virtual_memory():
"""Report virtual memory stats.
This implementation mimics procps-ng-3.3.12, aka "free" CLI tool:
https://gitlab.com/procps-ng/procps/blob/
24fd2605c51fccc375ab0287cec33aa767f06718/proc/sysinfo.c#L778-791
The returned values are supposed to match both "free" and "vmstat -s"
CLI tools.
"""
missing_fields = []
mems = {}
with open_binary('%s/meminfo' % get_procfs_path()) as f:
for line in f:
fields = line.split()
mems[fields[0]] = int(fields[1]) * 1024
# /proc doc states that the available fields in /proc/meminfo vary
# by architecture and compile options, but these 3 values are also
# returned by sysinfo(2); as such we assume they are always there.
total = mems[b'MemTotal:']
free = mems[b'MemFree:']
try:
buffers = mems[b'Buffers:']
except KeyError:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1010
buffers = 0
missing_fields.append('buffers')
try:
cached = mems[b"Cached:"]
except KeyError:
cached = 0
missing_fields.append('cached')
else:
# "free" cmdline utility sums reclaimable to cached.
# Older versions of procps used to add slab memory instead.
# This got changed in:
# https://gitlab.com/procps-ng/procps/commit/
# 05d751c4f076a2f0118b914c5e51cfbb4762ad8e
cached += mems.get(b"SReclaimable:", 0) # since kernel 2.6.19
try:
shared = mems[b'Shmem:'] # since kernel 2.6.32
except KeyError:
try:
shared = mems[b'MemShared:'] # kernels 2.4
except KeyError:
shared = 0
missing_fields.append('shared')
try:
active = mems[b"Active:"]
except KeyError:
active = 0
missing_fields.append('active')
try:
inactive = mems[b"Inactive:"]
except KeyError:
try:
inactive = (
mems[b"Inact_dirty:"]
+ mems[b"Inact_clean:"]
+ mems[b"Inact_laundry:"]
)
except KeyError:
inactive = 0
missing_fields.append('inactive')
try:
slab = mems[b"Slab:"]
except KeyError:
slab = 0
used = total - free - cached - buffers
if used < 0:
# May be symptomatic of running within a LCX container where such
# values will be dramatically distorted over those of the host.
used = total - free
# - starting from 4.4.0 we match free's "available" column.
# Before 4.4.0 we calculated it as (free + buffers + cached)
# which matched htop.
# - free and htop available memory differs as per:
# http://askubuntu.com/a/369589
# http://unix.stackexchange.com/a/65852/168884
# - MemAvailable has been introduced in kernel 3.14
try:
avail = mems[b'MemAvailable:']
except KeyError:
avail = calculate_avail_vmem(mems)
else:
if avail == 0:
# Yes, it can happen (probably a kernel bug):
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1915
# In this case "free" CLI tool makes an estimate. We do the same,
# and it matches "free" CLI tool.
avail = calculate_avail_vmem(mems)
if avail < 0:
avail = 0
missing_fields.append('available')
elif avail > total:
# If avail is greater than total or our calculation overflows,
# that's symptomatic of running within a LCX container where such
# values will be dramatically distorted over those of the host.
# https://gitlab.com/procps-ng/procps/blob/
# 24fd2605c51fccc375ab0287cec33aa767f06718/proc/sysinfo.c#L764
avail = free
percent = usage_percent((total - avail), total, round_=1)
# Warn about missing metrics which are set to 0.
if missing_fields:
msg = "%s memory stats couldn't be determined and %s set to 0" % (
", ".join(missing_fields),
"was" if len(missing_fields) == 1 else "were",
)
warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
return svmem(
total,
avail,
percent,
used,
free,
active,
inactive,
buffers,
cached,
shared,
slab,
)
def swap_memory():
"""Return swap memory metrics."""
mems = {}
with open_binary('%s/meminfo' % get_procfs_path()) as f:
for line in f:
fields = line.split()
mems[fields[0]] = int(fields[1]) * 1024
# We prefer /proc/meminfo over sysinfo() syscall so that
# psutil.PROCFS_PATH can be used in order to allow retrieval
# for linux containers, see:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1015
try:
total = mems[b'SwapTotal:']
free = mems[b'SwapFree:']
except KeyError:
_, _, _, _, total, free, unit_multiplier = cext.linux_sysinfo()
total *= unit_multiplier
free *= unit_multiplier
used = total - free
percent = usage_percent(used, total, round_=1)
# get pgin/pgouts
try:
f = open_binary("%s/vmstat" % get_procfs_path())
except IOError as err:
# see https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/722
msg = (
"'sin' and 'sout' swap memory stats couldn't "
+ "be determined and were set to 0 (%s)" % str(err)
)
warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
sin = sout = 0
else:
with f:
sin = sout = None
for line in f:
# values are expressed in 4 kilo bytes, we want
# bytes instead
if line.startswith(b'pswpin'):
sin = int(line.split(b' ')[1]) * 4 * 1024
elif line.startswith(b'pswpout'):
sout = int(line.split(b' ')[1]) * 4 * 1024
if sin is not None and sout is not None:
break
else:
# we might get here when dealing with exotic Linux
# flavors, see:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/313
msg = "'sin' and 'sout' swap memory stats couldn't "
msg += "be determined and were set to 0"
warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
sin = sout = 0
return _common.sswap(total, used, free, percent, sin, sout)
# =====================================================================
# --- CPU
# =====================================================================
def cpu_times():
"""Return a named tuple representing the following system-wide
CPU times:
(user, nice, system, idle, iowait, irq, softirq [steal, [guest,
[guest_nice]]])
Last 3 fields may not be available on all Linux kernel versions.
"""
procfs_path = get_procfs_path()
set_scputimes_ntuple(procfs_path)
with open_binary('%s/stat' % procfs_path) as f:
values = f.readline().split()
fields = values[1 : len(scputimes._fields) + 1]
fields = [float(x) / CLOCK_TICKS for x in fields]
return scputimes(*fields)
def per_cpu_times():
"""Return a list of namedtuple representing the CPU times
for every CPU available on the system.
"""
procfs_path = get_procfs_path()
set_scputimes_ntuple(procfs_path)
cpus = []
with open_binary('%s/stat' % procfs_path) as f:
# get rid of the first line which refers to system wide CPU stats
f.readline()
for line in f:
if line.startswith(b'cpu'):
values = line.split()
fields = values[1 : len(scputimes._fields) + 1]
fields = [float(x) / CLOCK_TICKS for x in fields]
entry = scputimes(*fields)
cpus.append(entry)
return cpus
def cpu_count_logical():
"""Return the number of logical CPUs in the system."""
try:
return os.sysconf("SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN")
except ValueError:
# as a second fallback we try to parse /proc/cpuinfo
num = 0
with open_binary('%s/cpuinfo' % get_procfs_path()) as f:
for line in f:
if line.lower().startswith(b'processor'):
num += 1
# unknown format (e.g. amrel/sparc architectures), see:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/200
# try to parse /proc/stat as a last resort
if num == 0:
search = re.compile(r'cpu\d')
with open_text('%s/stat' % get_procfs_path()) as f:
for line in f:
line = line.split(' ')[0]
if search.match(line):
num += 1
if num == 0:
# mimic os.cpu_count()
return None
return num
def cpu_count_cores():
"""Return the number of CPU cores in the system."""
# Method #1
ls = set()
# These 2 files are the same but */core_cpus_list is newer while
# */thread_siblings_list is deprecated and may disappear in the future.
# https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/cputopology.rst
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/pull/1727#issuecomment-707624964
# https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/2/26/41
p1 = "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu[0-9]*/topology/core_cpus_list"
p2 = "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu[0-9]*/topology/thread_siblings_list"
for path in glob.glob(p1) or glob.glob(p2):
with open_binary(path) as f:
ls.add(f.read().strip())
result = len(ls)
if result != 0:
return result
# Method #2
mapping = {}
current_info = {}
with open_binary('%s/cpuinfo' % get_procfs_path()) as f:
for line in f:
line = line.strip().lower()
if not line:
# new section
try:
mapping[current_info[b'physical id']] = current_info[
b'cpu cores'
]
except KeyError:
pass
current_info = {}
else:
# ongoing section
if line.startswith((b'physical id', b'cpu cores')):
key, value = line.split(b'\t:', 1)
current_info[key] = int(value)
result = sum(mapping.values())
return result or None # mimic os.cpu_count()
def cpu_stats():
"""Return various CPU stats as a named tuple."""
with open_binary('%s/stat' % get_procfs_path()) as f:
ctx_switches = None
interrupts = None
soft_interrupts = None
for line in f:
if line.startswith(b'ctxt'):
ctx_switches = int(line.split()[1])
elif line.startswith(b'intr'):
interrupts = int(line.split()[1])
elif line.startswith(b'softirq'):
soft_interrupts = int(line.split()[1])
if (
ctx_switches is not None
and soft_interrupts is not None
and interrupts is not None
):
break
syscalls = 0
return _common.scpustats(
ctx_switches, interrupts, soft_interrupts, syscalls
)
def _cpu_get_cpuinfo_freq():
"""Return current CPU frequency from cpuinfo if available."""
ret = []
with open_binary('%s/cpuinfo' % get_procfs_path()) as f:
for line in f:
if line.lower().startswith(b'cpu mhz'):
ret.append(float(line.split(b':', 1)[1]))
return ret
if os.path.exists("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0") or os.path.exists(
"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq"
):
def cpu_freq():
"""Return frequency metrics for all CPUs.
Contrarily to other OSes, Linux updates these values in
real-time.
"""
cpuinfo_freqs = _cpu_get_cpuinfo_freq()
paths = glob.glob(
"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy[0-9]*"
) or glob.glob("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu[0-9]*/cpufreq")
paths.sort(key=lambda x: int(re.search(r"[0-9]+", x).group()))
ret = []
pjoin = os.path.join
for i, path in enumerate(paths):
if len(paths) == len(cpuinfo_freqs):
# take cached value from cpuinfo if available, see:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1851
curr = cpuinfo_freqs[i] * 1000
else:
curr = bcat(pjoin(path, "scaling_cur_freq"), fallback=None)
if curr is None:
# Likely an old RedHat, see:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1071
curr = bcat(pjoin(path, "cpuinfo_cur_freq"), fallback=None)
if curr is None:
online_path = (
"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu{}/online".format(i)
)
# if cpu core is offline, set to all zeroes
if cat(online_path, fallback=None) == "0\n":
ret.append(_common.scpufreq(0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
continue
msg = "can't find current frequency file"
raise NotImplementedError(msg)
curr = int(curr) / 1000
max_ = int(bcat(pjoin(path, "scaling_max_freq"))) / 1000
min_ = int(bcat(pjoin(path, "scaling_min_freq"))) / 1000
ret.append(_common.scpufreq(curr, min_, max_))
return ret
else:
def cpu_freq():
"""Alternate implementation using /proc/cpuinfo.
min and max frequencies are not available and are set to None.
"""
return [_common.scpufreq(x, 0.0, 0.0) for x in _cpu_get_cpuinfo_freq()]
# =====================================================================
# --- network
# =====================================================================
net_if_addrs = cext_posix.net_if_addrs
class _Ipv6UnsupportedError(Exception):
pass
class NetConnections:
"""A wrapper on top of /proc/net/* files, retrieving per-process
and system-wide open connections (TCP, UDP, UNIX) similarly to
"netstat -an".
Note: in case of UNIX sockets we're only able to determine the
local endpoint/path, not the one it's connected to.
According to [1] it would be possible but not easily.
[1] http://serverfault.com/a/417946
"""
def __init__(self):
# The string represents the basename of the corresponding
# /proc/net/{proto_name} file.
tcp4 = ("tcp", socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
tcp6 = ("tcp6", socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
udp4 = ("udp", socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
udp6 = ("udp6", socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
unix = ("unix", socket.AF_UNIX, None)
self.tmap = {
"all": (tcp4, tcp6, udp4, udp6, unix),
"tcp": (tcp4, tcp6),
"tcp4": (tcp4,),
"tcp6": (tcp6,),
"udp": (udp4, udp6),
"udp4": (udp4,),
"udp6": (udp6,),
"unix": (unix,),
"inet": (tcp4, tcp6, udp4, udp6),
"inet4": (tcp4, udp4),
"inet6": (tcp6, udp6),
}
self._procfs_path = None
def get_proc_inodes(self, pid):
inodes = defaultdict(list)
for fd in os.listdir("%s/%s/fd" % (self._procfs_path, pid)):
try:
inode = readlink("%s/%s/fd/%s" % (self._procfs_path, pid, fd))
except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError):
# ENOENT == file which is gone in the meantime;
# os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid) will be done later
# to force NSP (if it's the case)
continue
except OSError as err:
if err.errno == errno.EINVAL:
# not a link
continue
if err.errno == errno.ENAMETOOLONG:
# file name too long
debug(err)
continue
raise
else:
if inode.startswith('socket:['):
# the process is using a socket
inode = inode[8:][:-1]
inodes[inode].append((pid, int(fd)))
return inodes
def get_all_inodes(self):
inodes = {}
for pid in pids():
try:
inodes.update(self.get_proc_inodes(pid))
except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError, PermissionError):
# os.listdir() is gonna raise a lot of access denied
# exceptions in case of unprivileged user; that's fine
# as we'll just end up returning a connection with PID
# and fd set to None anyway.
# Both netstat -an and lsof does the same so it's
# unlikely we can do any better.
# ENOENT just means a PID disappeared on us.
continue
return inodes
@staticmethod
def decode_address(addr, family):
"""Accept an "ip:port" address as displayed in /proc/net/*
and convert it into a human readable form, like:
"0500000A:0016" -> ("10.0.0.5", 22)
"0000000000000000FFFF00000100007F:9E49" -> ("::ffff:127.0.0.1", 40521)
The IP address portion is a little or big endian four-byte
hexadecimal number; that is, the least significant byte is listed
first, so we need to reverse the order of the bytes to convert it
to an IP address.
The port is represented as a two-byte hexadecimal number.
Reference:
http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2000/11/16/LinuxAdmin.html
"""
ip, port = addr.split(':')
port = int(port, 16)
# this usually refers to a local socket in listen mode with
# no end-points connected
if not port:
return ()
if PY3:
ip = ip.encode('ascii')
if family == socket.AF_INET:
# see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/201
if LITTLE_ENDIAN:
ip = socket.inet_ntop(family, base64.b16decode(ip)[::-1])
else:
ip = socket.inet_ntop(family, base64.b16decode(ip))
else: # IPv6
ip = base64.b16decode(ip)
try:
# see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/201
if LITTLE_ENDIAN:
ip = socket.inet_ntop(
socket.AF_INET6,
struct.pack('>4I', *struct.unpack('<4I', ip)),
)
else:
ip = socket.inet_ntop(
socket.AF_INET6,
struct.pack('<4I', *struct.unpack('<4I', ip)),
)
except ValueError:
# see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/623
if not supports_ipv6():
raise _Ipv6UnsupportedError
else:
raise
return _common.addr(ip, port)
@staticmethod
def process_inet(file, family, type_, inodes, filter_pid=None):
"""Parse /proc/net/tcp* and /proc/net/udp* files."""
if file.endswith('6') and not os.path.exists(file):
# IPv6 not supported
return
with open_text(file) as f:
f.readline() # skip the first line
for lineno, line in enumerate(f, 1):
try:
_, laddr, raddr, status, _, _, _, _, _, inode = (
line.split()[:10]
)
except ValueError:
raise RuntimeError(
"error while parsing %s; malformed line %s %r"
% (file, lineno, line)
)
if inode in inodes:
# # We assume inet sockets are unique, so we error
# # out if there are multiple references to the
# # same inode. We won't do this for UNIX sockets.
# if len(inodes[inode]) > 1 and family != socket.AF_UNIX:
# raise ValueError("ambiguous inode with multiple "
# "PIDs references")
pid, fd = inodes[inode][0]
else:
pid, fd = None, -1
if filter_pid is not None and filter_pid != pid:
continue
else:
if type_ == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
status = TCP_STATUSES[status]
else:
status = _common.CONN_NONE
try:
laddr = NetConnections.decode_address(laddr, family)
raddr = NetConnections.decode_address(raddr, family)
except _Ipv6UnsupportedError:
continue
yield (fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr, status, pid)
@staticmethod
def process_unix(file, family, inodes, filter_pid=None):
"""Parse /proc/net/unix files."""
with open_text(file) as f:
f.readline() # skip the first line
for line in f:
tokens = line.split()
try:
_, _, _, _, type_, _, inode = tokens[0:7]
except ValueError:
if ' ' not in line:
# see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/766
continue
raise RuntimeError(
"error while parsing %s; malformed line %r"
% (file, line)
)
if inode in inodes: # noqa
# With UNIX sockets we can have a single inode
# referencing many file descriptors.
pairs = inodes[inode]
else:
pairs = [(None, -1)]
for pid, fd in pairs:
if filter_pid is not None and filter_pid != pid:
continue
else:
path = tokens[-1] if len(tokens) == 8 else ''
type_ = _common.socktype_to_enum(int(type_))
# XXX: determining the remote endpoint of a
# UNIX socket on Linux is not possible, see:
# https://serverfault.com/questions/252723/
raddr = ""
status = _common.CONN_NONE
yield (fd, family, type_, path, raddr, status, pid)
def retrieve(self, kind, pid=None):
if kind not in self.tmap:
raise ValueError(
"invalid %r kind argument; choose between %s"
% (kind, ', '.join([repr(x) for x in self.tmap]))
)
self._procfs_path = get_procfs_path()
if pid is not None:
inodes = self.get_proc_inodes(pid)
if not inodes:
# no connections for this process
return []
else:
inodes = self.get_all_inodes()
ret = set()
for proto_name, family, type_ in self.tmap[kind]:
path = "%s/net/%s" % (self._procfs_path, proto_name)
if family in (socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6):
ls = self.process_inet(
path, family, type_, inodes, filter_pid=pid
)
else:
ls = self.process_unix(path, family, inodes, filter_pid=pid)
for fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr, status, bound_pid in ls:
if pid:
conn = _common.pconn(
fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr, status
)
else:
conn = _common.sconn(
fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr, status, bound_pid
)
ret.add(conn)
return list(ret)
_net_connections = NetConnections()
def net_connections(kind='inet'):
"""Return system-wide open connections."""
return _net_connections.retrieve(kind)
def net_io_counters():
"""Return network I/O statistics for every network interface
installed on the system as a dict of raw tuples.
"""
with open_text("%s/net/dev" % get_procfs_path()) as f:
lines = f.readlines()
retdict = {}
for line in lines[2:]:
colon = line.rfind(':')
assert colon > 0, repr(line)
name = line[:colon].strip()
fields = line[colon + 1 :].strip().split()
(
# in
bytes_recv,
packets_recv,
errin,
dropin,
_fifoin, # unused
_framein, # unused
_compressedin, # unused
_multicastin, # unused
# out
bytes_sent,
packets_sent,
errout,
dropout,
_fifoout, # unused
_collisionsout, # unused
_carrierout, # unused
_compressedout, # unused
) = map(int, fields)
retdict[name] = (
bytes_sent,
bytes_recv,
packets_sent,
packets_recv,
errin,
errout,
dropin,
dropout,
)
return retdict
def net_if_stats():
"""Get NIC stats (isup, duplex, speed, mtu)."""
duplex_map = {
cext.DUPLEX_FULL: NIC_DUPLEX_FULL,
cext.DUPLEX_HALF: NIC_DUPLEX_HALF,
cext.DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN,
}
names = net_io_counters().keys()
ret = {}
for name in names:
try:
mtu = cext_posix.net_if_mtu(name)
flags = cext_posix.net_if_flags(name)
duplex, speed = cext.net_if_duplex_speed(name)
except OSError as err:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1279
if err.errno != errno.ENODEV:
raise
else:
debug(err)
else:
output_flags = ','.join(flags)
isup = 'running' in flags
ret[name] = _common.snicstats(
isup, duplex_map[duplex], speed, mtu, output_flags
)
return ret
# =====================================================================
# --- disks
# =====================================================================
disk_usage = _psposix.disk_usage
def disk_io_counters(perdisk=False):
"""Return disk I/O statistics for every disk installed on the
system as a dict of raw tuples.
"""
def read_procfs():
# OK, this is a bit confusing. The format of /proc/diskstats can
# have 3 variations.
# On Linux 2.4 each line has always 15 fields, e.g.:
# "3 0 8 hda 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8"
# On Linux 2.6+ each line *usually* has 14 fields, and the disk
# name is in another position, like this:
# "3 0 hda 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8"
# ...unless (Linux 2.6) the line refers to a partition instead
# of a disk, in which case the line has less fields (7):
# "3 1 hda1 8 8 8 8"
# 4.18+ has 4 fields added:
# "3 0 hda 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0"
# 5.5 has 2 more fields.
# See:
# https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/iostats.txt
# https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/ABI/testing/procfs-diskstats
with open_text("%s/diskstats" % get_procfs_path()) as f:
lines = f.readlines()
for line in lines:
fields = line.split()
flen = len(fields)
# fmt: off
if flen == 15:
# Linux 2.4
name = fields[3]
reads = int(fields[2])
(reads_merged, rbytes, rtime, writes, writes_merged,
wbytes, wtime, _, busy_time, _) = map(int, fields[4:14])
elif flen == 14 or flen >= 18:
# Linux 2.6+, line referring to a disk
name = fields[2]
(reads, reads_merged, rbytes, rtime, writes, writes_merged,
wbytes, wtime, _, busy_time, _) = map(int, fields[3:14])
elif flen == 7:
# Linux 2.6+, line referring to a partition
name = fields[2]
reads, rbytes, writes, wbytes = map(int, fields[3:])
rtime = wtime = reads_merged = writes_merged = busy_time = 0
else:
raise ValueError("not sure how to interpret line %r" % line)
yield (name, reads, writes, rbytes, wbytes, rtime, wtime,
reads_merged, writes_merged, busy_time)
# fmt: on
def read_sysfs():
for block in os.listdir('/sys/block'):
for root, _, files in os.walk(os.path.join('/sys/block', block)):
if 'stat' not in files:
continue
with open_text(os.path.join(root, 'stat')) as f:
fields = f.read().strip().split()
name = os.path.basename(root)
# fmt: off
(reads, reads_merged, rbytes, rtime, writes, writes_merged,
wbytes, wtime, _, busy_time) = map(int, fields[:10])
yield (name, reads, writes, rbytes, wbytes, rtime,
wtime, reads_merged, writes_merged, busy_time)
# fmt: on
if os.path.exists('%s/diskstats' % get_procfs_path()):
gen = read_procfs()
elif os.path.exists('/sys/block'):
gen = read_sysfs()
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"%s/diskstats nor /sys/block filesystem are available on this "
"system"
% get_procfs_path()
)
retdict = {}
for entry in gen:
# fmt: off
(name, reads, writes, rbytes, wbytes, rtime, wtime, reads_merged,
writes_merged, busy_time) = entry
if not perdisk and not is_storage_device(name):
# perdisk=False means we want to calculate totals so we skip
# partitions (e.g. 'sda1', 'nvme0n1p1') and only include
# base disk devices (e.g. 'sda', 'nvme0n1'). Base disks
# include a total of all their partitions + some extra size
# of their own:
# $ cat /proc/diskstats
# 259 0 sda 10485760 ...
# 259 1 sda1 5186039 ...
# 259 1 sda2 5082039 ...
# See:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/pull/1313
continue
rbytes *= DISK_SECTOR_SIZE
wbytes *= DISK_SECTOR_SIZE
retdict[name] = (reads, writes, rbytes, wbytes, rtime, wtime,
reads_merged, writes_merged, busy_time)
# fmt: on
return retdict
class RootFsDeviceFinder:
"""disk_partitions() may return partitions with device == "/dev/root"
or "rootfs". This container class uses different strategies to try to
obtain the real device path. Resources:
https://bootlin.com/blog/find-root-device/
https://www.systutorials.com/how-to-find-the-disk-where-root-is-on-in-bash-on-linux/.
"""
__slots__ = ['major', 'minor']
def __init__(self):
dev = os.stat("/").st_dev
self.major = os.major(dev)
self.minor = os.minor(dev)
def ask_proc_partitions(self):
with open_text("%s/partitions" % get_procfs_path()) as f:
for line in f.readlines()[2:]:
fields = line.split()
if len(fields) < 4: # just for extra safety
continue
major = int(fields[0]) if fields[0].isdigit() else None
minor = int(fields[1]) if fields[1].isdigit() else None
name = fields[3]
if major == self.major and minor == self.minor:
if name: # just for extra safety
return "/dev/%s" % name
def ask_sys_dev_block(self):
path = "/sys/dev/block/%s:%s/uevent" % (self.major, self.minor)
with open_text(path) as f:
for line in f:
if line.startswith("DEVNAME="):
name = line.strip().rpartition("DEVNAME=")[2]
if name: # just for extra safety
return "/dev/%s" % name
def ask_sys_class_block(self):
needle = "%s:%s" % (self.major, self.minor)
files = glob.iglob("/sys/class/block/*/dev")
for file in files:
try:
f = open_text(file)
except FileNotFoundError: # race condition
continue
else:
with f:
data = f.read().strip()
if data == needle:
name = os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(file))
return "/dev/%s" % name
def find(self):
path = None
if path is None:
try:
path = self.ask_proc_partitions()
except (IOError, OSError) as err:
debug(err)
if path is None:
try:
path = self.ask_sys_dev_block()
except (IOError, OSError) as err:
debug(err)
if path is None:
try:
path = self.ask_sys_class_block()
except (IOError, OSError) as err:
debug(err)
# We use exists() because the "/dev/*" part of the path is hard
# coded, so we want to be sure.
if path is not None and os.path.exists(path):
return path
def disk_partitions(all=False):
"""Return mounted disk partitions as a list of namedtuples."""
fstypes = set()
procfs_path = get_procfs_path()
if not all:
with open_text("%s/filesystems" % procfs_path) as f:
for line in f:
line = line.strip()
if not line.startswith("nodev"):
fstypes.add(line.strip())
else:
# ignore all lines starting with "nodev" except "nodev zfs"
fstype = line.split("\t")[1]
if fstype == "zfs":
fstypes.add("zfs")
# See: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1307
if procfs_path == "/proc" and os.path.isfile('/etc/mtab'):
mounts_path = os.path.realpath("/etc/mtab")
else:
mounts_path = os.path.realpath("%s/self/mounts" % procfs_path)
retlist = []
partitions = cext.disk_partitions(mounts_path)
for partition in partitions:
device, mountpoint, fstype, opts = partition
if device == 'none':
device = ''
if device in ("/dev/root", "rootfs"):
device = RootFsDeviceFinder().find() or device
if not all:
if not device or fstype not in fstypes:
continue
ntuple = _common.sdiskpart(device, mountpoint, fstype, opts)
retlist.append(ntuple)
return retlist
# =====================================================================
# --- sensors
# =====================================================================
def sensors_temperatures():
"""Return hardware (CPU and others) temperatures as a dict
including hardware name, label, current, max and critical
temperatures.
Implementation notes:
- /sys/class/hwmon looks like the most recent interface to
retrieve this info, and this implementation relies on it
only (old distros will probably use something else)
- lm-sensors on Ubuntu 16.04 relies on /sys/class/hwmon
- /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone* is another one but it's more
difficult to parse
"""
ret = collections.defaultdict(list)
basenames = glob.glob('/sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*/temp*_*')
# CentOS has an intermediate /device directory:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/971
# https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/issues/1060
basenames.extend(glob.glob('/sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*/device/temp*_*'))
basenames = sorted(set([x.split('_')[0] for x in basenames]))
# Only add the coretemp hwmon entries if they're not already in
# /sys/class/hwmon/
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1708
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/pull/1648
basenames2 = glob.glob(
'/sys/devices/platform/coretemp.*/hwmon/hwmon*/temp*_*'
)
repl = re.compile('/sys/devices/platform/coretemp.*/hwmon/')
for name in basenames2:
altname = repl.sub('/sys/class/hwmon/', name)
if altname not in basenames:
basenames.append(name)
for base in basenames:
try:
path = base + '_input'
current = float(bcat(path)) / 1000.0
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(base), 'name')
unit_name = cat(path).strip()
except (IOError, OSError, ValueError):
# A lot of things can go wrong here, so let's just skip the
# whole entry. Sure thing is Linux's /sys/class/hwmon really
# is a stinky broken mess.
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1009
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1101
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1129
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1245
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1323
continue
high = bcat(base + '_max', fallback=None)
critical = bcat(base + '_crit', fallback=None)
label = cat(base + '_label', fallback='').strip()
if high is not None:
try:
high = float(high) / 1000.0
except ValueError:
high = None
if critical is not None:
try:
critical = float(critical) / 1000.0
except ValueError:
critical = None
ret[unit_name].append((label, current, high, critical))
# Indication that no sensors were detected in /sys/class/hwmon/
if not basenames:
basenames = glob.glob('/sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*')
basenames = sorted(set(basenames))
for base in basenames:
try:
path = os.path.join(base, 'temp')
current = float(bcat(path)) / 1000.0
path = os.path.join(base, 'type')
unit_name = cat(path).strip()
except (IOError, OSError, ValueError) as err:
debug(err)
continue
trip_paths = glob.glob(base + '/trip_point*')
trip_points = set([
'_'.join(os.path.basename(p).split('_')[0:3])
for p in trip_paths
])
critical = None
high = None
for trip_point in trip_points:
path = os.path.join(base, trip_point + "_type")
trip_type = cat(path, fallback='').strip()
if trip_type == 'critical':
critical = bcat(
os.path.join(base, trip_point + "_temp"), fallback=None
)
elif trip_type == 'high':
high = bcat(
os.path.join(base, trip_point + "_temp"), fallback=None
)
if high is not None:
try:
high = float(high) / 1000.0
except ValueError:
high = None
if critical is not None:
try:
critical = float(critical) / 1000.0
except ValueError:
critical = None
ret[unit_name].append(('', current, high, critical))
return dict(ret)
def sensors_fans():
"""Return hardware fans info (for CPU and other peripherals) as a
dict including hardware label and current speed.
Implementation notes:
- /sys/class/hwmon looks like the most recent interface to
retrieve this info, and this implementation relies on it
only (old distros will probably use something else)
- lm-sensors on Ubuntu 16.04 relies on /sys/class/hwmon
"""
ret = collections.defaultdict(list)
basenames = glob.glob('/sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*/fan*_*')
if not basenames:
# CentOS has an intermediate /device directory:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/971
basenames = glob.glob('/sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*/device/fan*_*')
basenames = sorted(set([x.split('_')[0] for x in basenames]))
for base in basenames:
try:
current = int(bcat(base + '_input'))
except (IOError, OSError) as err:
debug(err)
continue
unit_name = cat(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(base), 'name')).strip()
label = cat(base + '_label', fallback='').strip()
ret[unit_name].append(_common.sfan(label, current))
return dict(ret)
def sensors_battery():
"""Return battery information.
Implementation note: it appears /sys/class/power_supply/BAT0/
directory structure may vary and provide files with the same
meaning but under different names, see:
https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/966.
"""
null = object()
def multi_bcat(*paths):
"""Attempt to read the content of multiple files which may
not exist. If none of them exist return None.
"""
for path in paths:
ret = bcat(path, fallback=null)
if ret != null:
try:
return int(ret)
except ValueError:
return ret.strip()
return None
bats = [
x
for x in os.listdir(POWER_SUPPLY_PATH)
if x.startswith('BAT') or 'battery' in x.lower()
]
if not bats:
return None
# Get the first available battery. Usually this is "BAT0", except
# some rare exceptions:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1238
root = os.path.join(POWER_SUPPLY_PATH, sorted(bats)[0])
# Base metrics.
energy_now = multi_bcat(root + "/energy_now", root + "/charge_now")
power_now = multi_bcat(root + "/power_now", root + "/current_now")
energy_full = multi_bcat(root + "/energy_full", root + "/charge_full")
time_to_empty = multi_bcat(root + "/time_to_empty_now")
# Percent. If we have energy_full the percentage will be more
# accurate compared to reading /capacity file (float vs. int).
if energy_full is not None and energy_now is not None:
try:
percent = 100.0 * energy_now / energy_full
except ZeroDivisionError:
percent = 0.0
else:
percent = int(cat(root + "/capacity", fallback=-1))
if percent == -1:
return None
# Is AC power cable plugged in?
# Note: AC0 is not always available and sometimes (e.g. CentOS7)
# it's called "AC".
power_plugged = None
online = multi_bcat(
os.path.join(POWER_SUPPLY_PATH, "AC0/online"),
os.path.join(POWER_SUPPLY_PATH, "AC/online"),
)
if online is not None:
power_plugged = online == 1
else:
status = cat(root + "/status", fallback="").strip().lower()
if status == "discharging":
power_plugged = False
elif status in ("charging", "full"):
power_plugged = True
# Seconds left.
# Note to self: we may also calculate the charging ETA as per:
# https://github.com/thialfihar/dotfiles/blob/
# 013937745fd9050c30146290e8f963d65c0179e6/bin/battery.py#L55
if power_plugged:
secsleft = _common.POWER_TIME_UNLIMITED
elif energy_now is not None and power_now is not None:
try:
secsleft = int(energy_now / power_now * 3600)
except ZeroDivisionError:
secsleft = _common.POWER_TIME_UNKNOWN
elif time_to_empty is not None:
secsleft = int(time_to_empty * 60)
if secsleft < 0:
secsleft = _common.POWER_TIME_UNKNOWN
else:
secsleft = _common.POWER_TIME_UNKNOWN
return _common.sbattery(percent, secsleft, power_plugged)
# =====================================================================
# --- other system functions
# =====================================================================
def users():
"""Return currently connected users as a list of namedtuples."""
retlist = []
rawlist = cext.users()
for item in rawlist:
user, tty, hostname, tstamp, pid = item
nt = _common.suser(user, tty or None, hostname, tstamp, pid)
retlist.append(nt)
return retlist
def boot_time():
"""Return the system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."""
global BOOT_TIME
path = '%s/stat' % get_procfs_path()
with open_binary(path) as f:
for line in f:
if line.startswith(b'btime'):
ret = float(line.strip().split()[1])
BOOT_TIME = ret
return ret
raise RuntimeError("line 'btime' not found in %s" % path)
# =====================================================================
# --- processes
# =====================================================================
def pids():
"""Returns a list of PIDs currently running on the system."""
return [int(x) for x in os.listdir(b(get_procfs_path())) if x.isdigit()]
def pid_exists(pid):
"""Check for the existence of a unix PID. Linux TIDs are not
supported (always return False).
"""
if not _psposix.pid_exists(pid):
return False
else:
# Linux's apparently does not distinguish between PIDs and TIDs
# (thread IDs).
# listdir("/proc") won't show any TID (only PIDs) but
# os.stat("/proc/{tid}") will succeed if {tid} exists.
# os.kill() can also be passed a TID. This is quite confusing.
# In here we want to enforce this distinction and support PIDs
# only, see:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/687
try:
# Note: already checked that this is faster than using a
# regular expr. Also (a lot) faster than doing
# 'return pid in pids()'
path = "%s/%s/status" % (get_procfs_path(), pid)
with open_binary(path) as f:
for line in f:
if line.startswith(b"Tgid:"):
tgid = int(line.split()[1])
# If tgid and pid are the same then we're
# dealing with a process PID.
return tgid == pid
raise ValueError("'Tgid' line not found in %s" % path)
except (EnvironmentError, ValueError):
return pid in pids()
def ppid_map():
"""Obtain a {pid: ppid, ...} dict for all running processes in
one shot. Used to speed up Process.children().
"""
ret = {}
procfs_path = get_procfs_path()
for pid in pids():
try:
with open_binary("%s/%s/stat" % (procfs_path, pid)) as f:
data = f.read()
except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError):
# Note: we should be able to access /stat for all processes
# aka it's unlikely we'll bump into EPERM, which is good.
pass
else:
rpar = data.rfind(b')')
dset = data[rpar + 2 :].split()
ppid = int(dset[1])
ret[pid] = ppid
return ret
def wrap_exceptions(fun):
"""Decorator which translates bare OSError and IOError exceptions
into NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied.
"""
@functools.wraps(fun)
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
try:
return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
except PermissionError:
raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
except ProcessLookupError:
self._raise_if_zombie()
raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
except FileNotFoundError:
self._raise_if_zombie()
if not os.path.exists("%s/%s" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)):
raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
raise
return wrapper
class Process:
"""Linux process implementation."""
__slots__ = ["_cache", "_name", "_ppid", "_procfs_path", "pid"]
def __init__(self, pid):
self.pid = pid
self._name = None
self._ppid = None
self._procfs_path = get_procfs_path()
def _is_zombie(self):
# Note: most of the times Linux is able to return info about the
# process even if it's a zombie, and /proc/{pid} will exist.
# There are some exceptions though, like exe(), cmdline() and
# memory_maps(). In these cases /proc/{pid}/{file} exists but
# it's empty. Instead of returning a "null" value we'll raise an
# exception.
try:
data = bcat("%s/%s/stat" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid))
except (IOError, OSError):
return False
else:
rpar = data.rfind(b')')
status = data[rpar + 2 : rpar + 3]
return status == b"Z"
def _raise_if_zombie(self):
if self._is_zombie():
raise ZombieProcess(self.pid, self._name, self._ppid)
def _raise_if_not_alive(self):
"""Raise NSP if the process disappeared on us."""
# For those C function who do not raise NSP, possibly returning
# incorrect or incomplete result.
os.stat('%s/%s' % (self._procfs_path, self.pid))
@wrap_exceptions
@memoize_when_activated
def _parse_stat_file(self):
"""Parse /proc/{pid}/stat file and return a dict with various
process info.
Using "man proc" as a reference: where "man proc" refers to
position N always subtract 3 (e.g ppid position 4 in
'man proc' == position 1 in here).
The return value is cached in case oneshot() ctx manager is
in use.
"""
data = bcat("%s/%s/stat" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid))
# Process name is between parentheses. It can contain spaces and
# other parentheses. This is taken into account by looking for
# the first occurrence of "(" and the last occurrence of ")".
rpar = data.rfind(b')')
name = data[data.find(b'(') + 1 : rpar]
fields = data[rpar + 2 :].split()
ret = {}
ret['name'] = name
ret['status'] = fields[0]
ret['ppid'] = fields[1]
ret['ttynr'] = fields[4]
ret['utime'] = fields[11]
ret['stime'] = fields[12]
ret['children_utime'] = fields[13]
ret['children_stime'] = fields[14]
ret['create_time'] = fields[19]
ret['cpu_num'] = fields[36]
try:
ret['blkio_ticks'] = fields[39] # aka 'delayacct_blkio_ticks'
except IndexError:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/2455
debug("can't get blkio_ticks, set iowait to 0")
ret['blkio_ticks'] = 0
return ret
@wrap_exceptions
@memoize_when_activated
def _read_status_file(self):
"""Read /proc/{pid}/stat file and return its content.
The return value is cached in case oneshot() ctx manager is
in use.
"""
with open_binary("%s/%s/status" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)) as f:
return f.read()
@wrap_exceptions
@memoize_when_activated
def _read_smaps_file(self):
with open_binary("%s/%s/smaps" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)) as f:
return f.read().strip()
def oneshot_enter(self):
self._parse_stat_file.cache_activate(self)
self._read_status_file.cache_activate(self)
self._read_smaps_file.cache_activate(self)
def oneshot_exit(self):
self._parse_stat_file.cache_deactivate(self)
self._read_status_file.cache_deactivate(self)
self._read_smaps_file.cache_deactivate(self)
@wrap_exceptions
def name(self):
name = self._parse_stat_file()['name']
if PY3:
name = decode(name)
# XXX - gets changed later and probably needs refactoring
return name
@wrap_exceptions
def exe(self):
try:
return readlink("%s/%s/exe" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid))
except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError):
self._raise_if_zombie()
# no such file error; might be raised also if the
# path actually exists for system processes with
# low pids (about 0-20)
if os.path.lexists("%s/%s" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)):
return ""
raise
@wrap_exceptions
def cmdline(self):
with open_text("%s/%s/cmdline" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)) as f:
data = f.read()
if not data:
# may happen in case of zombie process
self._raise_if_zombie()
return []
# 'man proc' states that args are separated by null bytes '\0'
# and last char is supposed to be a null byte. Nevertheless
# some processes may change their cmdline after being started
# (via setproctitle() or similar), they are usually not
# compliant with this rule and use spaces instead. Google
# Chrome process is an example. See:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1179
sep = '\x00' if data.endswith('\x00') else ' '
if data.endswith(sep):
data = data[:-1]
cmdline = data.split(sep)
# Sometimes last char is a null byte '\0' but the args are
# separated by spaces, see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/
# issues/1179#issuecomment-552984549
if sep == '\x00' and len(cmdline) == 1 and ' ' in data:
cmdline = data.split(' ')
return cmdline
@wrap_exceptions
def environ(self):
with open_text("%s/%s/environ" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)) as f:
data = f.read()
return parse_environ_block(data)
@wrap_exceptions
def terminal(self):
tty_nr = int(self._parse_stat_file()['ttynr'])
tmap = _psposix.get_terminal_map()
try:
return tmap[tty_nr]
except KeyError:
return None
# May not be available on old kernels.
if os.path.exists('/proc/%s/io' % os.getpid()):
@wrap_exceptions
def io_counters(self):
fname = "%s/%s/io" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)
fields = {}
with open_binary(fname) as f:
for line in f:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1004
line = line.strip()
if line:
try:
name, value = line.split(b': ')
except ValueError:
# https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1004
continue
else:
fields[name] = int(value)
if not fields:
raise RuntimeError("%s file was empty" % fname)
try:
return pio(
fields[b'syscr'], # read syscalls
fields[b'syscw'], # write syscalls
fields[b'read_bytes'], # read bytes
fields[b'write_bytes'], # write bytes
fields[b'rchar'], # read chars
fields[b'wchar'], # write chars
)
except KeyError as err:
raise ValueError(
"%r field was not found in %s; found fields are %r"
% (err.args[0], fname, fields)
)
@wrap_exceptions
def cpu_times(self):
values = self._parse_stat_file()
utime = float(values['utime']) / CLOCK_TICKS
stime = float(values['stime']) / CLOCK_TICKS
children_utime = float(values['children_utime']) / CLOCK_TICKS
children_stime = float(values['children_stime']) / CLOCK_TICKS
iowait = float(values['blkio_ticks']) / CLOCK_TICKS
return pcputimes(utime, stime, children_utime, children_stime, iowait)
@wrap_exceptions
def cpu_num(self):
"""What CPU the process is on."""
return int(self._parse_stat_file()['cpu_num'])
@wrap_exceptions
def wait(self, timeout=None):
return _psposix.wait_pid(self.pid, timeout, self._name)
@wrap_exceptions
def create_time(self):
ctime = float(self._parse_stat_file()['create_time'])
# According to documentation, starttime is in field 21 and the
# unit is jiffies (clock ticks).
# We first divide it for clock ticks and then add uptime returning
# seconds since the epoch.
# Also use cached value if available.
bt = BOOT_TIME or boot_time()
return (ctime / CLOCK_TICKS) + bt
@wrap_exceptions
def memory_info(self):
# ============================================================
# | FIELD | DESCRIPTION | AKA | TOP |
# ============================================================
# | rss | resident set size | | RES |
# | vms | total program size | size | VIRT |
# | shared | shared pages (from shared mappings) | | SHR |
# | text | text ('code') | trs | CODE |
# | lib | library (unused in Linux 2.6) | lrs | |
# | data | data + stack | drs | DATA |
# | dirty | dirty pages (unused in Linux 2.6) | dt | |
# ============================================================
with open_binary("%s/%s/statm" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)) as f:
vms, rss, shared, text, lib, data, dirty = (
int(x) * PAGESIZE for x in f.readline().split()[:7]
)
return pmem(rss, vms, shared, text, lib, data, dirty)
if HAS_PROC_SMAPS_ROLLUP or HAS_PROC_SMAPS:
def _parse_smaps_rollup(self):
# /proc/pid/smaps_rollup was added to Linux in 2017. Faster
# than /proc/pid/smaps. It reports higher PSS than */smaps
# (from 1k up to 200k higher; tested against all processes).
# IMPORTANT: /proc/pid/smaps_rollup is weird, because it
# raises ESRCH / ENOENT for many PIDs, even if they're alive
# (also as root). In that case we'll use /proc/pid/smaps as
# fallback, which is slower but has a +50% success rate
# compared to /proc/pid/smaps_rollup.
uss = pss = swap = 0
with open_binary(
"{}/{}/smaps_rollup".format(self._procfs_path, self.pid)
) as f:
for line in f:
if line.startswith(b"Private_"):
# Private_Clean, Private_Dirty, Private_Hugetlb
uss += int(line.split()[1]) * 1024
elif line.startswith(b"Pss:"):
pss = int(line.split()[1]) * 1024
elif line.startswith(b"Swap:"):
swap = int(line.split()[1]) * 1024
return (uss, pss, swap)
@wrap_exceptions
def _parse_smaps(
self,
# Gets Private_Clean, Private_Dirty, Private_Hugetlb.
_private_re=re.compile(br"\nPrivate.*:\s+(\d+)"),
_pss_re=re.compile(br"\nPss\:\s+(\d+)"),
_swap_re=re.compile(br"\nSwap\:\s+(\d+)"),
):
# /proc/pid/smaps does not exist on kernels < 2.6.14 or if
# CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration option is not enabled.
# Note: using 3 regexes is faster than reading the file
# line by line.
# XXX: on Python 3 the 2 regexes are 30% slower than on
# Python 2 though. Figure out why.
#
# You might be tempted to calculate USS by subtracting
# the "shared" value from the "resident" value in
# /proc/<pid>/statm. But at least on Linux, statm's "shared"
# value actually counts pages backed by files, which has
# little to do with whether the pages are actually shared.
# /proc/self/smaps on the other hand appears to give us the
# correct information.
smaps_data = self._read_smaps_file()
# Note: smaps file can be empty for certain processes.
# The code below will not crash though and will result to 0.
uss = sum(map(int, _private_re.findall(smaps_data))) * 1024
pss = sum(map(int, _pss_re.findall(smaps_data))) * 1024
swap = sum(map(int, _swap_re.findall(smaps_data))) * 1024
return (uss, pss, swap)
@wrap_exceptions
def memory_full_info(self):
if HAS_PROC_SMAPS_ROLLUP: # faster
try:
uss, pss, swap = self._parse_smaps_rollup()
except (ProcessLookupError, FileNotFoundError):
uss, pss, swap = self._parse_smaps()
else:
uss, pss, swap = self._parse_smaps()
basic_mem = self.memory_info()
return pfullmem(*basic_mem + (uss, pss, swap))
else:
memory_full_info = memory_info
if HAS_PROC_SMAPS:
@wrap_exceptions
def memory_maps(self):
"""Return process's mapped memory regions as a list of named
tuples. Fields are explained in 'man proc'; here is an updated
(Apr 2012) version: http://goo.gl/fmebo.
/proc/{PID}/smaps does not exist on kernels < 2.6.14 or if
CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration option is not enabled.
"""
def get_blocks(lines, current_block):
data = {}
for line in lines:
fields = line.split(None, 5)
if not fields[0].endswith(b':'):
# new block section
yield (current_block.pop(), data)
current_block.append(line)
else:
try:
data[fields[0]] = int(fields[1]) * 1024
except ValueError:
if fields[0].startswith(b'VmFlags:'):
# see issue #369
continue
else:
raise ValueError(
"don't know how to interpret line %r"
% line
)
yield (current_block.pop(), data)
data = self._read_smaps_file()
# Note: smaps file can be empty for certain processes or for
# zombies.
if not data:
self._raise_if_zombie()
return []
lines = data.split(b'\n')
ls = []
first_line = lines.pop(0)
current_block = [first_line]
for header, data in get_blocks(lines, current_block):
hfields = header.split(None, 5)
try:
addr, perms, _offset, _dev, _inode, path = hfields
except ValueError:
addr, perms, _offset, _dev, _inode, path = hfields + ['']
if not path:
path = '[anon]'
else:
if PY3:
path = decode(path)
path = path.strip()
if path.endswith(' (deleted)') and not path_exists_strict(
path
):
path = path[:-10]
item = (
decode(addr),
decode(perms),
path,
data.get(b'Rss:', 0),
data.get(b'Size:', 0),
data.get(b'Pss:', 0),
data.get(b'Shared_Clean:', 0),
data.get(b'Shared_Dirty:', 0),
data.get(b'Private_Clean:', 0),
data.get(b'Private_Dirty:', 0),
data.get(b'Referenced:', 0),
data.get(b'Anonymous:', 0),
data.get(b'Swap:', 0),
)
ls.append(item)
return ls
@wrap_exceptions
def cwd(self):
return readlink("%s/%s/cwd" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid))
@wrap_exceptions
def num_ctx_switches(
self, _ctxsw_re=re.compile(br'ctxt_switches:\t(\d+)')
):
data = self._read_status_file()
ctxsw = _ctxsw_re.findall(data)
if not ctxsw:
raise NotImplementedError(
"'voluntary_ctxt_switches' and 'nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches'"
"lines were not found in %s/%s/status; the kernel is "
"probably older than 2.6.23" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)
)
else:
return _common.pctxsw(int(ctxsw[0]), int(ctxsw[1]))
@wrap_exceptions
def num_threads(self, _num_threads_re=re.compile(br'Threads:\t(\d+)')):
# Note: on Python 3 using a re is faster than iterating over file
# line by line. On Python 2 is the exact opposite, and iterating
# over a file on Python 3 is slower than on Python 2.
data = self._read_status_file()
return int(_num_threads_re.findall(data)[0])
@wrap_exceptions
def threads(self):
thread_ids = os.listdir("%s/%s/task" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid))
thread_ids.sort()
retlist = []
hit_enoent = False
for thread_id in thread_ids:
fname = "%s/%s/task/%s/stat" % (
self._procfs_path,
self.pid,
thread_id,
)
try:
with open_binary(fname) as f:
st = f.read().strip()
except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError):
# no such file or directory or no such process;
# it means thread disappeared on us
hit_enoent = True
continue
# ignore the first two values ("pid (exe)")
st = st[st.find(b')') + 2 :]
values = st.split(b' ')
utime = float(values[11]) / CLOCK_TICKS
stime = float(values[12]) / CLOCK_TICKS
ntuple = _common.pthread(int(thread_id), utime, stime)
retlist.append(ntuple)
if hit_enoent:
self._raise_if_not_alive()
return retlist
@wrap_exceptions
def nice_get(self):
# with open_text('%s/%s/stat' % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)) as f:
# data = f.read()
# return int(data.split()[18])
# Use C implementation
return cext_posix.getpriority(self.pid)
@wrap_exceptions
def nice_set(self, value):
return cext_posix.setpriority(self.pid, value)
# starting from CentOS 6.
if HAS_CPU_AFFINITY:
@wrap_exceptions
def cpu_affinity_get(self):
return cext.proc_cpu_affinity_get(self.pid)
def _get_eligible_cpus(
self, _re=re.compile(br"Cpus_allowed_list:\t(\d+)-(\d+)")
):
# See: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/956
data = self._read_status_file()
match = _re.findall(data)
if match:
return list(range(int(match[0][0]), int(match[0][1]) + 1))
else:
return list(range(len(per_cpu_times())))
@wrap_exceptions
def cpu_affinity_set(self, cpus):
try:
cext.proc_cpu_affinity_set(self.pid, cpus)
except (OSError, ValueError) as err:
if isinstance(err, ValueError) or err.errno == errno.EINVAL:
eligible_cpus = self._get_eligible_cpus()
all_cpus = tuple(range(len(per_cpu_times())))
for cpu in cpus:
if cpu not in all_cpus:
raise ValueError(
"invalid CPU number %r; choose between %s"
% (cpu, eligible_cpus)
)
if cpu not in eligible_cpus:
raise ValueError(
"CPU number %r is not eligible; choose "
"between %s" % (cpu, eligible_cpus)
)
raise
# only starting from kernel 2.6.13
if HAS_PROC_IO_PRIORITY:
@wrap_exceptions
def ionice_get(self):
ioclass, value = cext.proc_ioprio_get(self.pid)
if enum is not None:
ioclass = IOPriority(ioclass)
return _common.pionice(ioclass, value)
@wrap_exceptions
def ionice_set(self, ioclass, value):
if value is None:
value = 0
if value and ioclass in (IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE):
raise ValueError("%r ioclass accepts no value" % ioclass)
if value < 0 or value > 7:
msg = "value not in 0-7 range"
raise ValueError(msg)
return cext.proc_ioprio_set(self.pid, ioclass, value)
if prlimit is not None:
@wrap_exceptions
def rlimit(self, resource_, limits=None):
# If pid is 0 prlimit() applies to the calling process and
# we don't want that. We should never get here though as
# PID 0 is not supported on Linux.
if self.pid == 0:
msg = "can't use prlimit() against PID 0 process"
raise ValueError(msg)
try:
if limits is None:
# get
return prlimit(self.pid, resource_)
else:
# set
if len(limits) != 2:
msg = (
"second argument must be a (soft, hard) "
+ "tuple, got %s" % repr(limits)
)
raise ValueError(msg)
prlimit(self.pid, resource_, limits)
except OSError as err:
if err.errno == errno.ENOSYS:
# I saw this happening on Travis:
# https://travis-ci.org/giampaolo/psutil/jobs/51368273
self._raise_if_zombie()
raise
@wrap_exceptions
def status(self):
letter = self._parse_stat_file()['status']
if PY3:
letter = letter.decode()
# XXX is '?' legit? (we're not supposed to return it anyway)
return PROC_STATUSES.get(letter, '?')
@wrap_exceptions
def open_files(self):
retlist = []
files = os.listdir("%s/%s/fd" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid))
hit_enoent = False
for fd in files:
file = "%s/%s/fd/%s" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid, fd)
try:
path = readlink(file)
except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError):
# ENOENT == file which is gone in the meantime
hit_enoent = True
continue
except OSError as err:
if err.errno == errno.EINVAL:
# not a link
continue
if err.errno == errno.ENAMETOOLONG:
# file name too long
debug(err)
continue
raise
else:
# If path is not an absolute there's no way to tell
# whether it's a regular file or not, so we skip it.
# A regular file is always supposed to be have an
# absolute path though.
if path.startswith('/') and isfile_strict(path):
# Get file position and flags.
file = "%s/%s/fdinfo/%s" % (
self._procfs_path,
self.pid,
fd,
)
try:
with open_binary(file) as f:
pos = int(f.readline().split()[1])
flags = int(f.readline().split()[1], 8)
except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError):
# fd gone in the meantime; process may
# still be alive
hit_enoent = True
else:
mode = file_flags_to_mode(flags)
ntuple = popenfile(
path, int(fd), int(pos), mode, flags
)
retlist.append(ntuple)
if hit_enoent:
self._raise_if_not_alive()
return retlist
@wrap_exceptions
def net_connections(self, kind='inet'):
ret = _net_connections.retrieve(kind, self.pid)
self._raise_if_not_alive()
return ret
@wrap_exceptions
def num_fds(self):
return len(os.listdir("%s/%s/fd" % (self._procfs_path, self.pid)))
@wrap_exceptions
def ppid(self):
return int(self._parse_stat_file()['ppid'])
@wrap_exceptions
def uids(self, _uids_re=re.compile(br'Uid:\t(\d+)\t(\d+)\t(\d+)')):
data = self._read_status_file()
real, effective, saved = _uids_re.findall(data)[0]
return _common.puids(int(real), int(effective), int(saved))
@wrap_exceptions
def gids(self, _gids_re=re.compile(br'Gid:\t(\d+)\t(\d+)\t(\d+)')):
data = self._read_status_file()
real, effective, saved = _gids_re.findall(data)[0]
return _common.pgids(int(real), int(effective), int(saved))